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Creator=Federico Fellini. tomatometer=7,3 of 10 star. 83minute. country=Italy. Rating=4610 votes. release year=1952. Skip to Main Content Skip to Search Skip to Dropdowns Rotten Tomatoes What's the Tomatometer®? Critics Skip to Trending Bar Movies & DVDs TV News Tickets & Showtimes Trending on RT Golden Tomato Awards Every Best Picture Ranked 43 Video Game Movies Ranked 2020's Most Anticipated Movies Highest Rated: 100% Leila (1999) Lowest Rated: Birthday: May 19, 1930 Birthplace: Not Available Highest Rated Movies Leila Skip to Quotes Filmography Movies Credit Reza's Mother — 1999 No Score Yet Travellers Actor 1992 QUOTES FROM Jamileh Sheikhi CHARACTERS No quotes approved yet. Home Box Office DVD My Account.

 

Tetri ( Georgian: თეთრი) is a fractional currency used in the country of Georgia. It was put into circulation in 1995. The name tetri ("white") was adopted from the term describing golden, silver or copper coins known in ancient and medieval Georgia. The plural of the term "tetri" is "tetrebi. " However, the Georgian language uses the singular form when the quantity is specified, so in practice the plural of "tetri" is just "tetri. " In some instances tetri is informally referred to as "kapiki", derived from the Russian fractional currency kopek from the Soviet era. 100 tetri = 1 lari. Image gallery [ edit] Modern coins minted in the Republic of Georgia (should be displayed approximately at the effective coin size, if the images are rendered at 3. 78 pixels per millimeter, or 96 pixels per inch). 1 tetri (minted in 1993) diameter: 15. 0 mm (thickness: 1. 25 mm) stainless steel (1. 38 g) 2 tetri (minted in 1993) diameter: 17. 5 mm (thickness: 1. 90 g) 5 tetri (minted in 1993) diameter: 20. 32 mm) stainless steel (2. 50 g) 10 tetri (minted in 1993) diameter: 22. 27 mm) stainless steel (3. 00 g) 20 tetri (minted in 1993) diameter: 25. 62 mm) stainless steel (5. 00 g) 50 tetri (minted in 1993) diameter: 19. 40 mm) copper (2. 50 g) 50 tetri (minted in 2006) diameter: 24. 0 mm (thickness: unknown) copper-nickel alloy (6. 50 g).

The name Fellini brings to mind some of the great films of the 20th century; La Dolce Vita, La Strada, and 8 1/2 come to mind. However, every legend has a beginning, and Fellini's was here. Here, we see the neo-realist influence that affected most of his early work, and it works perfectly to capture the hustle and bustle of the city of Rome as well as tell the story of a newlywed couple on a perfect honeymoon with a not-so perfect relationship.
Fellini does remarkable work in cutting back and forth between the travels of the bride as she seeks out her favorite soap opera star, The White Sheik, and that of the groom desperately trying to impress his family. It gives a sense that even if dreams seem more fun and desirable than the real world we live in, it is not always perhaps the most beneficial path. This is a theory that seemed to change with time as Fellini's films became more dream-like, but here it is apparent that realism reigns, at least for this awe-struck couple.

We use cookies to offer you a better experience, personalize content, tailor advertising, provide social media features, and better understand the use of our services. To learn more or modify/prevent the use of cookies, see our Cookie Policy and Privacy Policy. Information about the side-effects of pesticides on biological control agents is an essential requirement of integrated pest management (IPM). Different methods to test the effects of pesticides on natural enemies have been used and new methods are being developed. In the past, evaluations were mostly based on individual level (lethal or sublethal) endpoints. Differences in the used methods and the measured endpoints make it difficult to compare the results. There is increasing emphasis on using standard methods to combine the lethal and sublethal effects to a total effect. Especially, population-level effects or demographic toxicology has been concluded as a better measure because of its ecological relevance and is the current centre of attention. Very recently, molecular and biochemical methods, primarily, have been developed for detecting potential damage to populations at early stages. But these types of responses (i. e. biomarkers) to toxic stress are only demographically relevant if the response can be linked to effects at higher organism levels. We describe the methods used to study the effects of pesticides on beneficial arthropods and the current status of the evaluation of side-effects. We also provide new suggestions. In addition to methodological discussion, in the last part we presented a table containing summary database on the effect of key classes of commonly used pesticides on various natural enemies. This data may be helpful for researchers or IPM users. Received: 15 May, 2008. Accepted: 17 Septem ber, 2008. Invite d Review Pest T echnology ©2008 Global Science Books Impacts of Pesticides on Arthropod Biological Contr ol Agents Khalil T alebi * • Aurang Kavousi • Qodrat Sabahi Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of T ehran, Karaj 3158711167, Iran Corresponding author: * khtalebi@ ABST RAC T Information about the side -effects of pe sticides on biological con trol agents is an essential require ment of integrated pest m a nagement (IPM). Different m ethods to test the ef fects of pesticides on na tural enemies hav e been used and new me thods are being develope d. In the past, evaluations w ere mostly based on in dividual level (lethal or sublethal) endpoi nts. Differenc es in the used methods and th e measured endpoints make it dif ficult to compa re the results. There is inc reasing emphasis on usi ng standard me thods to combine the letha l and sublethal effe cts to a total effect. Especi ally, population-level eff ects or demographic tox icology has been conclu ded as a bet ter measure because of its ecological relevance and is the cu rrent centre of attention. Very recently, molecu lar and biochemical methods, p rimarily, have been developed for detecting potent ial damage to popula tions at early stages. But these type s of responses (i. biomarker s) to t oxic stress are only de mographically relev ant if the response can be linked to ef fects at higher or ganism levels. W e describe the me thods used to study the eff ects of pesticides on beneficial a rthropods and the c urrent status of the e valuation of side- effects. W e also p rovide new suggestions. In additi on to methodological discussion, in the last part w e presented a table containing summ ary database on the effect of key classes of comm onl y used pesticides on various natural enem ies. This data may be helpful for researc hers or IPM users. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Keywords: biomarker, demographic t oxicology, natural enemies, side-effects, total effect Abbreviations: BART, bene ficial arthropod regulatory testing; Bt, Bacillus thuringiensis; CEA, cellular ener gy allocation; DT, doubling time; ECx, the concentration causing an effect of x per cent; EPPO, European and Mediterranea n Plant Protection Org anization; ETS, electron transport system; EU, European Un ion; FAO, Food an d Agriculture Organi zation; ICES, International Council for the Exploration of the Se a; IGRs, insect growth regula tors; IOBC, International Or ganization for Biological Control of Noxious Animals and Plants; IOBC/WPRS, Int ernational Organization for Biolog ical Control of Noxious Animals and Plants/W est Palearctic Regional Secti on; IPM, integrated pest manag ement; LC50, median lethal concent ration; LD50, median lethal d ose; LT R E s, life table response experiments; OECD, Org anization for Economic Co-O peration Developm ent; NEC, no effect concentration; NOEC, no observed effect concentration; NOEL, no observed effect level; PBO, piperonyle butoxide CONTENTS INTRODUCT ION........................................................................................................................................................................................ 87 METHODS OF EV ALUA TING SIDE-EFFECTS OF PEST ICIDES.......................................................................................................... 88 Pre-registration research.......................................................................................................................................................................... 88 Post-registration research......................................................................................................................................................................... 88 Individual-level eff ects........................................................................................................................................................................ 88 Acute toxicity tests......................................................................................................................................................................... 88 Chronic toxicity tests...................................................................................................................................................................... 89 Tota l effects......................................................................................................................................................................................... 89 IOBC methods................................................................................................................................................................................ 89 Life table studies............................................................................................................................................................................ 89 Biomarkers.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 90 EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT CLASSES OF PE STICIDES ON BIOCONT ROL AG ENTS......................................................................... 93 CONCLU SION............................................................................................................................................................................................ 94 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......................................................................................................................................................................... 94 REFERENCES............................................................................................................................................................................................. 94 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION The significance of biological control (BC) agents for the management of agricultural pests has been in creasingly realized during the last three decades; however BC is not a panacea for all pest problems. The integration of biological and chemical control agents is more effective for the man- agement of insect pests. In fact, pesticides and BC agents are two important com-ponents of integrated pest manag e- ment (IPM). But the use of pesticides must be compatible with the other age nts of pest mana gement. Most co ntact in- secticides from different chemical classes are broad spec- trum and so affect both prey an d predator. A few physiolo- gically selective pesticides from each class are available that may be used in IPM. A physiologically selective pesti- cide is one that is toxic to some pests, but has little o r no effect on other similar species. Ecological selectivity, on the other hand, can be accomplished by manipulation of the pesticide formulation, timing of application, method of ap- plication, spatial distribution of treatment, and other means (Croft 1990) Pesticides have direct and indirect effects on benef icial arthropods. Studies on the direct effect of pesticides are don e by measurement of toxicity to benef icial arthropods and ® Pest Technology 2 (2), 87-97 ©2008 Global Science Books determination of the median lethal dose (LD50) or lethal concentration (LC50). In the past, com parison of LD50 or LC50 values of insecticides to both BC agents and pe sts was vastly used to estimate selectivity. Based on LD50 benefi- cial arthropods are even more susceptible to insecticides than insect pests. Because these evaluations focus on a sin- gle life stage and generally for a short duration of time (often 1-4 days), the results of these bioassays do not ac- curately assess the total effects of a pesticide on an exposed population (Stark and Banken 2000). Theref ore, in order to determine the total effect of a pesticide, one has to take into account the indirect or sublethal effects of pesticides, too. Sublethal doses of pesticides can affect the physiology and behavior of the BC agents. Different methods to test sublethal effects on n atural enemies are being developed. Effects su ch as altered beha- vior, reduced reproduction, and reduced longevity of n on- target organisms are the conspicuous consequences of sub- lethal doses. These effects may be seen in different dev e- lopmental stages of n on-target arthropods. Like mortality, sublethal effects can severely reduce the perf ormance of BC agents (Elzen et al. 1989; Roger et al. 1995). By fa r, de- mography or life table response experim e nts (LTREs) have been suggested as a desirable means to evaluate the total ef- fect of pesticides on natural enemies. LTREs take into ac- count all effects that a toxicant might have at the levels of organization higher than the individual (Stark et al. 1997, 1998, 2004). The advantage of this ap-proach is that a total measure of the effect is determined that incorporates lethal and sublethal effects into one end-point, the intrinsic rate of natural increase (Stark et al. 1998; Stark and Banks 2000, 2004). Most traditional pesti-cides are broad-s pectrum organic compounds that wipe out populations of beneficial as well as different pests. That is because almost all four groups of traditional insecticides targeted the nervous system, which is biochemically similar in beneficial and pests (van Emden 1996; Rechcigl and Rech cigl 2000). The literature on natural enemy/pesticide research has grown rapidly since the mid 1970s. Excellent rev iews and books have been publish ed during the last 30 years (Croft and Brown 1975; Smith and S tratton 1986; Croft 1990; Stark and Banks 2003; Desneux et al. 2007). Generally most traditional insecticide classes such as orga nophos- phates, carbamates and synthetic pyrethroids are highly toxic to beneficial arthropods. Therefore it is hard to find a true selective compound amo ng traditional toxic insecti- cides. In many crops the most widely used ins ecticide class is now the organophosphates. Som e organophosphates are somewhat selective. The mite predators ( Neoseiul us falla- cies, German) of orchard spider mites have acqu ired their own resistance to organophosphates. On the other hand, partial selectivity can be attained in application when take advantage of formulations. Sy stemic organophosphate in- secticides such as demeton-s-methyl, dimethoate an d ace- phate are selective for natural enemies of aphids and mites. The carbamate insecticide pirimicarb is toxic to aphids an d Diptera, yet not to other insects at equivalent doses (van Emden 1996). The organochlorine en dosulfan is selective for Hymeonoptera which include valuable BC agents. Some newer classes of insecticides such as pyrethroids are ex- tremely toxic to insects. However, even in this class of in- secticide a single compound such as fluvalinate is selective for honeybees (Hill 1985; Walter et al. 1988). The newly marketed insecticides with a novel m ode of action are less toxic to beneficial arthropods. Azadirachtin, indoxacarb, spinosad and pymetrozine are extremely toxic to target pests, while significantly less toxic to natural ene- mies (Boyd and Boethel 1998; Babul Hossain and Poehling 2006). The selectivity and low toxicity make them conveni- ent for utility in Integrated Pest Management (IPM). The type of formulation affects their toxicity to non-target orga- nism including natural enemies. Some formulations are less toxic to beneficial insects and mites. For example granule and soil-applied formulations are less toxic than spray simply because they do not leave a residue on the leaf sur- face. Systemic pesticides injected or applied to soil pose minimal hazard to beneficial arthropods. Wettable p owders and microencapsulated formulations are the most toxic. The aim of this paper is to review the development of methods for measurement and interpretation of the side- effects of pesticides on BC agents. Aspect of this topic such as interpretation of standardized side-effect testing, lethal, sublethal, and multiple endpoints are discussed. The second part of the review is concerned with the impact of indivi- dual pesticide classes on selected natural enemies. In this part we summarize the results of some toxicity testing using different methods in a table. METHODS OF EV ALUATING SIDE-EFFECT S OF PESTICIDES Scientific methods are needed to assess the risk of pesti- cides on natural enemies and apply as pre-registration tools as well as determine the compatibility with IPM after regis- tration (Stark et al. 1995; Jepson and Croft 1998). V arious types of pesticide effects on arthropod biocon- trol agents have been studied and reviewed several times (Croft 1990; Stark and Bank s 2003; Desneux et al. Different methods and en dpoints used to study the ef- fects of pesticides and the current statuses as well as the new suggestions are disc ussed below. Pre-registration rese arch Data on physiology and t oxicology of arthropod natu ral enemies has been mainly extrapolat ed from phytophagous species and there is not enough knowledge in this respect. On the other hand effective methods to study the side-ef- fects of pesticides at earlier stages of their develop ment and early detection of potential hazards have not been deve- loped. These problems are considered as the reasons for lim- ited research in the pesticide development process (Jepson and Croft 1998). However, specific guidelines have been developed in order to test side-eff ects for registration of plant protection products. The Organization for Economic Co-Operation Development (OECD) with 30 member coun- tries worldwide has develop ed guidelines for registrat ion requirements of vari ous products (OECD, 2002, 2003). In the European Union (EU) it is currently conducted ac- cording to the Council Directive of 91/414/EEC. The Fede- ral Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) is followed in the United States (Candolfi et al. 2000; Des- neux et al. Post-registration rese arch Individual-level effects Toxic su bstances can cause changes at all levels of biologi- cal organizatio n from mole cular to c ommunity (H yne and Maher 2003). Traditional m ethods based on individual level endpoints are dominant in the literature. Acute and chronic toxicity tests are the two focal ways to study the impacts of pesticides on individuals. Acute toxicity tests LD50 or LC50, have been used mostly to measure the toxic effects of pesticides on be neficial arth ropods (Desneux 2007). LD50 is an estimate of the dose that cau ses 50% morta- lity of a group of individuals un der test. A sigmoid curve is fitted to the number of survivors as a function of the dose of toxicant. This curve is usually the log-logistic or log-probit curve (Finney 1971). In some cases th e exact dose origin- ally given to the insect (e. g. larval stage of aquatic insects) cannot be determined but the concentration of the insecti- cide in the peripheral media can, so that the LC50 is used (Matsumura 1985). LD50 have also been used to estimate the selectivity ratios (LD50 of the beneficial/pest arthro- 88 Impacts of pesticides on arthro pod biological control agents. Talebi et al. pods) (Croft 1990). Acute toxicity tests use single endpoint (mortality) and are performed during short duration (1 to 4 days in many cases) (W althall and Stark 1997). This kind of studies has been used on both parasitoids and predat ors (Rosenheim and Hoy 1988; Mizell and Sconyers 1992; Hamilton and Lashomb 1997; Desn eux et al. 2003). Chronic toxicity tests Besides lethal effects pesticides may cause some importa nt sublethal effects on individuals that survive the toxicant exposure. Short-term acute toxicity tests usually ignore this kind of effects (Laskowski 2001). Some ex amples of end- points of interest in chronic studies are fecundity, body size, development rate, be havior, sex ratio, and longe vity (Des- neux 2007). For risk assessment purposes there is a need to deter- mine low or no toxic effect leve ls (van Leeu wen and Her- mens 1995; Koojman et al. 1996; de Bruijn and Hof 1997; van der Hoeven 1997). Several measures have been pro- posed to use as estimates for these concentrations. NOEC (no observed effect concentration), NOEL ( no observed effect level), ECx (the concentration causing an effect of x per cent), and NEC (no ef fect concentration) can be applied to various endpoints of sublethal eff ects. The negative and positive aspects of these measures have been previously discussed (Moore and Caux 1997; van der Hoe- ven 1997; Crane and Newman 2000; van der Hoeven 2004). Total effects One of the limitations of traditional methods is that sub- lethal and lethal effects are not combin ed and thus the total effect of a pesticide is not determined (Stark and W enner- gren 1995). Several efforts have been made and methods have been introduced to solve this problem. T hese efforts and methods are described below. IOBC methods These methods were developed by the ‘ p esticides and bene- ficial organisms’ working group of the I nternational Organi - zation for Biological Control (IOBC). The working group was founded in 1974 and its major aim was to encourage the development of standard methods for testing th e side- effects of pesticides on natu ral enemies to support the IPM. A further aim was therefore to test the side-effects of com- monly used pesticides o n the most impor tant natural ene- mies (Hassan 1998a). The group established cooperation with other internatio- nal organizations such as the Beneficial Arthropod Regula- tory Testing (BART), the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO), the European Union (EU), and the Food and Agriculture Org anization (F AO) (Hassan 1998b). The IOBC method has been designed to ev aluate the acute residual toxicity as well as sublethal effects of pesti- cides on reproductive performance (V ogt et al. 2000). The mean mortality (M) and average fecundity (R) are measured and then the total effects of the pesticides (E%) are calcu- lated by the formula proposed by Ov ermeer and V an Zon (1982): E%= 100 -(100-M) × R× 100. There are several works in which this formula have been used to take into account both lethal and sublethal ef- fects on the reproductive perform a nce (Oomen et al. 1991; Blümel et al. 2000; Van de V eire et al. 2002; Kavousi and Talebi 2003; Rezaei et al. 20 07; Sáenz-de-Cabezón Irigaray et al. Based on the total effects the pesticides are classif ied using IOBC evaluatio n categories (Sterk et al. 1999). Recognizing that no single test method would provide sufficient information to assess the side-effects of pesticid es on a beneficial organism, a combination of tests is recom- mended. The IOBC suggests a sequential scheme in which pesticides are first tested in the laboratory. If no meaningful effect is observed, they are considered com patible for use in IPM programs. In the case of a meaningful adverse ef fect in the laboratory, tests are further performed under semi-field conditions. If significant effects are still observed in this tier a more complex field study is considered to assess the im- pact of the pesticide under realistic field conditions. Com- pounds with no significant adverse effects in the semi-field and field experiments are recommended f or use in IPM (Dohmen 1998). Laboratory experiments are condu cted under ‘worst case’ conditions which aims to ensure a maximum exposure of the organisms to the test substance. In the semi-field tests no extreme exposure, as in the laboratory tests, is applied; however, a realistic worst case with respect to exposure is simulated. In the last stage, extensive field tests may be em- ployed. Oomen et al. (1991) reported the s ide-effects of 100 pesticides on the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persi milis using a combination of laboratory, semi-field and field tests. Va n d e Ve i r e et al. (2002) described laboratory to field se- quential testing scheme for testing side effects of pesticides on anthocorid bugs using Or ius laevigatus as the test spe- cies. The ‘pesticides and beneficial organism s’ w orking group of the IOBC develops st andard methods based on la- boratory to field tests to evaluate the s ide-effects of pesti- cides on important beneficial organism s. Joint pesticide tes- ting programs by members of th e working group have been organized every tw o years since 1977. Since 1980, the re- sults of seven joint pesticide testing programs carried out by the IOBC/WPRS-W orking Group ‘Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms’ have been published. Within these seven prog- rams more than 120 pesticides h ave been tested on various beneficial organi sms including arthropod nat ural enemies using laboratory, semi-field and field methods (Sterk et al. Stark et al. ( 2007) have criticized IOBC approach and argued that the ecological relevan ce of IOBC methods is questionable. Life table studies To better estim ate the side-effects of pesticides there is an increasing attention and awareness to use more realistic endpoints. Demography or L TREs have been suggested as the best way to combine lethal and sublethal effects and use to estimate the total effects of pesticides (Daniels and Allan 1981; Bechmann 1994; S tark and W ennergren 1995; Stark et al. 1998; Forbs and Calow 1999; Stark and Banks 2003; Robertson et al. 2007; Stark et al. Experiments in which life tables, or more generally a set of vital rates, are the dependent variable are called L TREs. Demographic to- xicological analysis incorporates survivorship and repro- duction of test org anisms into one endpoint (i. population growth rate) (Caswell 2000). Population growth rate is expressed as intrinsic rate of increase (r) or finite rate of increase ( = e r). T o calculate the population growth rate, life tables are constructed using a cohort of the test organism exposed to the tox icant. The probability that a new individual is alive at age x (l x) and the number of female offsprin g produced by a female with attributed x (m x) are recorded. From these two functions, the Maltusian parameter (population growth rate), r, is cal- culated using Euler’s equation: Positive values of r indicate an exponential population increase, the value equal to zero indicates the stable state of a population, and r values less than zero indicate that the population is declining exponentially and heading to extinc- tion (Carey 1993). The rate of increase of a population can also be g ene- rated using matrix algebra. In this method the age distribu- tion of the population at time t (N t), considered as a column ³ f  0 1 x rx x x dx e m l 89 Pest Technology 2 (2), 87-97 ©2008 Global Science Books vector (n t) is multiplied by a transition matrix referred to as Leslie’ s matrix or population projection matrix (L) to get the age distribution at time t+1 (N t+1): » » » » ¼ º « « « « ¬ ª     1, 3 1, 2 1, 1 1, 0 t t t t n n n n = » » » » ¼ º « « « « ¬ ª 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 3 2 1 0 s s s f f f f » » » » ¼ º « « « « ¬ ª t t t t n n n n, 3, 2, 1, 0 f x = Age-specific fecundity, s x = Age-specific survival rate, n x = Number of individuals of age x. Repeated iterations of the multiplication of the popula- tion vector and the transition matrix result in a st able popu- lation vector (stable age distribution). At this condition the population is multiplied by a constant factor per time inter- val. This factor, the dominant eigenvalue of the pr ojection matrix, is the finite rate of increase (). An alternative population growth rate, the ins tantaneous rate of increase (r i) has been introduced that s implifies the gathering of population-level data. It reflects th e actual growth of a population and is calcu lated by the following equation: where N f is the final number of animals, N 0 is the initial number of animals and T is the change in tim e (Walthall and Stark 1997). To date m o st life table data have been collected using only the female indivi duals. Chi (1988, 2005) introdu ced new method to conduct life tables us ing both females and males (age-stage, two-sex life table analysis) and developed computer software to calculate the life table parameters. All above mentioned popu lation growth rates measu re the numerical aspects of population. A new popu lation level index has been proposed (van Straalen and Kammenga 1998) that measures the qualitative aspects of the popu la- tion. This index named ‘i ntrinsic biomass tur nover’ mea- sures the productivity of the population (rate of which bio- mass is produced, relative to the biomass present). Advantages of measuring population level effects Several authors have emphasized the priority of population level effects in comparison to various individual level end- points. The greatest value of the use of population para- meters lies in their ecological relevance, and the possibility of summarizing a variety of possible effects in the course of a life-cycle by a single measure (Daniels and Allan 1981; Allan and Daniels 1982; St ark et al. 1997; Stark et al. 1998; Kammenga and Laskowski 2000; Stark and Banks 2003). Forbs and Calow (1999) reviewed the literatu re and concluded that population growth rate is a better measure of response to toxicants than the individu al-level endpoints. Their reasoning was that it integrates potentially complex interactions among life-history traits and provides a more relevant measure of ecological impact. They also men tioned that r makes it possible to evaluate the conflicting effects of toxicants on survival and reproduction. For example, it has been demonstrated that aph ids could maintain high population growth rates after expos ure to LC60 (W althall and Stark 1997). On the other hand Bech- mann (1994) showed that in some cases the dem o graphic parameters may be affected by sublethal concentrations (32% of LC50). It has been demons trated that in such cases the extinction of population may occurs by sublethal con- centrations. Thus, short-term acute toxicity tests may over- estimate or underestimate the effects of diff erent pesticides. This shows the necessity of conducting long-term assays (e. life table studies) to find the realistic results on im- pacts of pesticides. Another advantage of studying th e ef- fects of toxic substances on populations rather than indivi- duals can be seen in case of compoun ds like insect growth regulators (IGRs) whic h have slow action. T his kind of pro- ducts cannot be adequately evaluated using short-term labo- ratory tests based on individual level en dpoints (Stark et al. 1998; Sáenz-de-Cabezón et al. 2006). (1997, 1998) showed that diff erent species may show similar acute susceptibility to certain pesticides while their responses at population level are very different. Bes ides, Kim et al. (2006) showed that different pesticides may cause compara- ble acute toxicity but completely different total effect on a known species. Biomarkers Toxic su bstances can cause changes at all levels of biologi- cal organizatio n from mole cular to c ommunity (H yne and Maher 2003). Processes at one level take their mechanisms from the level below and find their consequences at the level above. The ecological relevance increases from the sub-cellular to the ecosystem level (De Coen 1999). As mentioned above, several authors ha ve suggested tha t stu- dying population level effects of toxicants by use of demo- graphic toxicological analysis is the best approach and pro- vides a more relevant measure of ecological impact. In demographic toxicology both l ethal and sublethal ef fects are combined into one integrative parameter, th e intrinsic rate of increase (r m) (Bechmann 1994; S tark and Wenner - gren 1995; Forbs and Ca low 1999; Stark an d Banks 2003). The major disadvantage to the use of dem o graphic toxico- logy is that development of life table data is expensive and time consuming (Forbs and Calow 1999; Stark and Banks 2003). In addition, an understanding of the population level effects of a toxicant without un derstanding of the damage that a toxicant causes at biochemical level and knowledge of how it is causing these effects is not enough (Stark and Banks 2000). Kammenga and Laskowsk i (2000) refer to the relationship between toxicant-induced biochemical or cel- lular alternations (i. biomarker responses) and subs equent demographic changes as a pressing problem in ecotoxico- logy. Biomarkers are useful as markers for both exposure and effect in organisms (Pretti and C ognetti-V arriale 2001) and could be used in monitoring for ef fects before they reach the population or community levels (Lagadic et al. 1994). Invertebrate biomarkers and their us e in monitoring of ecosystem quality have been reviewed and the lack of knowledge on the linkages between biomarker and popu la- tion level responses has been highlighted. The potential use of biomarkers related to energy metabolism for predicting effects of stressors on population structure and dynamics have been mentioned by several authors (Lagad ic et al. 1994; De Coen and Janssen 1997; Lag adic 1999; De Coen et al. 2000; V erslycke and Janssen 2002; De C oen and Janssen 2003). Bio-energ etic or physiological energetic, in general, offer t he advantage to provid e information o n key processes in the organism ’s energy acquisition and expendi- ture, possibly also elucidating the mode of action of the toxicant. Moreover, changes in the energy metabolism, in general, will ultimately influence the future life characteris- tics of an organism (De Coen et al. The response of biomarkers to toxic stress is only demogr aphically relevant if the response can be linked to eff ects at higher organism levels, such as individual (life-cycle traits) or population level (Kammenga and Laskowsk i 2000). Recently a biomarker has been developed based on “metabolic cost” hypothesis called Cellular Energy Alloca- tion (CEA). This methodology could provide an integrative quantification of th e organism’ s energy budget based on a biochemical comparison of the organism’ s energy consump- tion and the energy reserv es available for metabolism (De Coen et al. Energ y consumption is determined by measuring the electron transport activity (E TS activity) which is a biochemical measure of the potential metabolic activity and is nearly universal in all organisms (Packard et al. 1971). The energy reserves are determined by measuring the total lipid, protein and carbohydrate cont ent of the test t t N L N u  1 T N N r f i ' /) / ln( 0 90 Impacts of pesticides on arthro pod biological control agents. Tab le 1 Impact of selected pes ticide groups on cert ain natural enemi es. Reference Method Impact Biological con trol agent Pesticide Organochlorine insectid es Edwards and Thompson1973 Contact toxici ty Relatively no n toxic Acarina spp. Dieldrin Easwaramoorthy et a l. 1990 Residual test Highly toxic Sturmiopsis inferens Lindane Price and Schuster 1991 Contact toxicity Relatively non toxic Encarsia sp. ; Aleurodi philus sp. Price and Schuster 1991 Contact toxicity Harmful Encarsia sp. Endosulfan Vie ira et al. 2001 Residual test Delaying pre imaginal development Trichogramma cordubensis Organophosph orous and carbamates Vill anueva and W algenbach 2005 Leaf disk Moderately toxic Neoseiulus fal lacis Azinphosme thyl Wil kin son et al. 2001 Residual test Harmful Bassus dimidiat or Azinphosme thyl Galvan et al. 200 6a T opical application a nd insecticide residues Harmful Harmonia axy ridis Carbaryl Easwaramoorthy et a l. 1990 Residual test Harmless Sturmiopsis inferens Carbaryl+L indane Sevidol ® Easwaramoorthy et a l. 1990 Soil applicatio n Harmless Sturmiopsi s inferens Carbofu ran James et al. 2005 Foliar application Harmless Phytoseiid mites Chlorpyrifos Prischmann et al. 2005 Residue test Harmful Phytoseiid mites Barbar et al. 2007 Residue test Harmful T yphlodromus exhil arates T. phialatus Chlorpyripho s –ethyl Sheikhi-Garjan 2 000 To pical application Harmful Trissolchus grandis Diazinon Easwaramoorthy et a l. 1990 Residual test Highly toxic Sturmiopsis inferens Dimethoate Booth et al. 2007 Direct appli cation Harmful Micromus tasma niae Kohno et al. 2007 Direct applica tion Harmless Labidura riparia Grützmacher et al. 2004 Residual test Harmful Trichogramma cacoecia e Fenthion Kavousi and Talebi 2003 Residual test Harmless Phytoseiulus per similis Heptenophos Easwaramoorthy et a l. 1990 Residual test Highly toxic Sturmiopsis inferens Malathion Sabahi et al. 2 002 Residual test Harmful Bathyplectes curculionissss W akgari and Gil iomee 2003 Direct spray Harmfull Coccidoxenoid es peregri nus Methidathion W akgari and Gil iomee 2001 Direct spray Harmful Aprostocetus ceroplastae Metho myl W akgari and Gil iomee 2003 Direct spray Harmful Coccidoxenoides per egrinus W akgari and Gil iomee 2003 Direct spray Harmful Coccidoxenoides per egrinus Methyl-parathio n Easwaramoorthy et a l. 1990 Residual test Highly toxic Sturmiopsis inferens Monocrotophos W akgari and Gil iomee 2003 Direct spray Harmful Coccidoxenoides per egrinus Parathion Sabahi et al. 2 002 Residual test Moderat ely harmful Bathyplectes curculionissss Phosalone Umoru and Po well 2002 Contact toxicity Affects repro ductive performance Diaeretiella rapae Pirimicarb Farag and Gesraha 2007 Direct applicatio n Slightly harmful Diaertiella rapa e Cabral et al. 2008 Direct spray Harmless Coccinell a undecimpunctata Kavousi and Talebi 2003 Residual test Harmful Phytoseiulu s persimilis Pirimiphos-methyl W akgari and Gil iomee 2003 Direct spray Harmful Coccidoxenoides per egrinus Profenofos W akgari and Gil iomee 2003 Direct spray Harmful Coccidoxenoides per egrinus Prothiofos Easwaramoorthy et a l. 1990 Residual test Highly toxic Sturmiopsis inferens Quinalphos Grützmacher et al. 2004 Residual test Harmful Trichogramma cacoecia e Trichlor fon Artificial Pyrethroids Galvan et al. 200 6a T opical application a nd insecticide residues Harmful Harmonia axy ridis Bifenthrin Sak et al. 2006 Rearing on diet con- taining subl ethal dose Affects total body weight Pimpla turionella e Cyperme thrin Easwaramoorthy et a l. 1990 Residual test Moderately harmful Sturmiopsis inferens Decamethrin Garcia et al. 2006 Indirect spray Reducing parasitism rate Trichogramma cordubensis Deltamethri n Price and Schuster 1991 Contact toxicity Harmful Encarsia sp. Esfenvalarate Vill anueva and W algenbach 2005 Leaf disk Highly toxic Neoseiulus fal lacis Vill anueva and W algenbach 2005 Residual test Moderately harmful Neoseiulus fal lacis Fenpropathr in He i dari et al. 2004 Di pping method Harmful Encarsia formosa Fenpropathrin Vill anueva and W algenbach 2005 Leaf disk Moderately toxic Neoseiulus fal lacis Easwaramoorthy et a l. 1990 Residual test Highly toxic Sturmiopsis inferens Fenvalerate Booth et al. 2007 Direct appli cation To xi c Micromus tasmaniae Lambda-cyhal othrin Kohno et al. 2007 Direct applica tion Harmless Labidura riparia Kobori and Amano 2004 Residual test Harmful Aphidius gifue nsis Permethrin Microbials Carvalho et a l. 2003 Residual test Harmful Trichogr amma preti osum Abamectin Nadimi et al. 2008 Residual test Harmful Phytoseiulu s persimilis; Phytoseiulus plu mifer Brunner et al. 2001 To pical application Ha rmful Colpoclypeus fl orus Trichogramm a platneri Grützmacher et al. 2004 Residual test Harmless Trichogramma cacoeciae Y oshizawa and Aiz awa 2007 Direct spray Harmless Orius strigicollis B acillus thurin giensis Brunner et al. 2001 Residual test Harmless Colpoclypeus fl orus Dutton et al. 2003 Gree nhouse experiments Increase in mortality, slight decrea se in weight Chrysoperla carnea 91 Pest Technology 2 (2), 87-97 ©2008 Global Science Books Tab le 1 (Cont. ) Reference Method Impact Biological con trol agent Pesticide Vie ira et al. 2001 Residual test Harmless Trichogramm a cordubensis Kohno et al. 2007 Direct applica tion Harmless Labidura riparia Beauveria bassiana Castagnoli et al. 2005 Residual test Harmless Neoseiulus cal ifornicus Amano and Haseeb 2005 Contact toxicity Harmful Diadegma semiclausum Oomyzus sokolowskii Emamectin benzo ate Y oshizawa and Aiz awa 2007 Direct spray Harmless Orius strigicollis Milbemectin Charles et al. 2000 Residual test Harmfu l Trich ogramma exig uum Spinosad Va n D r i e s c he et al. 2 006 Residue test Harmless Neoseiulus =Am b lyseius cucumeris Va n D r i e s c he et al. 2 006 Residue test Slightly harmf ul Iphiseius degenerans Galvan et al. 200 6b T opical application and direct spray Harmless Harmonia axyrid is Vill anueva and W algenbach 2005 Leaf disk Harmful Neoseiulus falla cis Neon icotinoids Vill anueva and W algenbach 2005 Leaf disk Moderately toxic Neoseiulus fal lacis Acetam iprid Cloyd and Dic k inson 2006 Direct applica tion Harmful Leptomastix dactyl opii Dinotefuran Kohno et al. 2007 Direct applica tion Slightly harml ess Labidura riparia Brunner et al. 2001 To pical application Hi ghly toxic Colpoclype us florus Imidacloprid Brunner et al. 2001 To pical application Hi ghly toxic Trich ogramma platneri Huerta et al. 2003 Topical applic ation Highly toxic Chrysoperla carnea Potter and Ro gers 2003 Residual test Decrease in parasitism Tiphia vernalis Vill anueva and W algenbach 2005 Leaf disk Moderately toxic Neoseiulus fal lacis Farag and Gesraha 2007 Direct applicatio n Slightly harmful Diaertiella rapa e Torres et al. 2003 Residual test Harmful Aphelinus gossypii; Delphastus pusil lus Thiamethoxam Mullin et al. 2005 Feedi ng treated seeds Highly toxic 10 Gener a of carabid beetl es Agonum, Amara, Anisodactylus, Bembidion, Chlaenius, Harpalus, Patrobus, Poecilus, Pteros- tichus, and Scarites Galvan et al. 200 6a Topical appl ication and insecticide residues Harmful Harmonia axy ridis Farag and Gesraha 2007 Direct applicatio n Slightly harmful Diaertiella rapa e Bot anicals Huerta et al. 2003 Topical applic ation Harmless Chrysoperla carnea Aceton ic fractions of Trichilia havanensis Saber et al. 2004 Residual test Reduced life table parameters Trichogramma cacoeciae Azadirachtin Thoeming and P oehling 2006 Soil -applied Harmless Amb lyseius cucu meris Thoeming and P oehling 2006 Soil-applied M o dera tely harmful Hypoaspis aculeifer Price and Schuster 1991 Contact toxicity Reduce the par asitoids papulation Encarsia sp. Extract of neem seed Peveling and E ly 2006 Insecticide residues Slightly harmful Chilocorus bipustul atus var. iranensis Melia volkens ii seed extract Peveling and E ly 2006 Insecticide residues Slightly harmful Pharoscymnus a nchorago Melia volkens ii seed extract Farag and Gesraha 2007 Direct applicatio n Harmless Diaert iella rapae Natural oi l of Jojoba plant Huerta et al. 2003 Topical applicat ion Harmful Chrysoperla carnea Natural pyrethrins Rao et al. 2007 Direct applica tion Slightly harm ful Campoletic chlori deae Neem Babul Hossain and Poehling 2006 Soil drench Harmless Opius chromatomyia e NeemAzal ® Kraiss and Culle n 2008 Direct spray laborat ory bioassays Highly toxic to first in star, harmless to thir d instar, pupae, or adul ts Harmonia axyrid is Pyrethrin s Castagnoli et al. 2000 Residual test Highly toxi c Neoseiu lus californic us Rotenone IGRs Y oshizawa and Aiz awa 2007 Direct spray Harmless Orius strigicollis Buprofezin Cabral et al. 2008 Direct spray Moderately harmful Coccinell a undecimpunctata Kobori and Amano 2004 Contact and ing estion toxicities Harmless Aphidius gif uensis C hlorfluazuron Amano and Haseeb 2005 Contact toxicity Harmless Di adegma semiclausum Oomyzus sokolowskii Kohno et al. 2007 Direct applica tion Harmless Labidura riparia Chromafenozide Bjorksten and Ro binson 2005 Cont act toxicity Harmless Hemiptarsenus varicornis Diglyphus isaea Cyromazine Y oshizawa and Aiz awa 2007 Direct spray Harmless Orius strigicollis Medina et al. 2003 T opical application Harmful Chrysoperla carnea Diflubenzuro n Y oshizawa and Aiz awa 2007 Direct spray Harmless Orius strigicollis Etoxazole Liu and Chen 2001 T opical application Modera tely harmful Chrysoperla rufilabris Fenoxycarb W akgari and Gil iomee 2003 Direct spray Moderately harmful Coccidoxenoid es peregrinus Amano and Haseeb 2005 Contact toxicity Harmless Di adegma semiclausum Oomyzus sokolowskii Flufenoxur on 92 Impacts of pesticides on arthro pod biological control agents. organism (DeCoen and Jan sse n 1997). The ecological rele- vance of CEA have been demonstrated by comparing with population level parameters such as intrinsic rate of in- crease (r m) and net reproductive rate (R 0) (De Coen and Janssen 1997; De Coen and Janss en 2003). Smolders et al. (2004) used this technique and concluded th at it is a rapid and sensitive measure of the effects of e nvironmental stress- sors and the results can be linked to eff ects in the higher levels of biologi cal organization. The CEA methodology has also been used successfully by Intern ational Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) (ICES 2006). As mentioned above, theoretically, one component of CEA methodology (i. ET S) is nearly common in all orga- nisms and conseque ntly has been ap plied for very diffe rent taxa; decomposer microorgan isms Szabó (2003), marine planktons (Packard et al. 1971), dif ferent daphnids (Simi and Brancelj1997), larval stage of chironomids (Sim i 2005) and zebra mussel (Fanslow et al. 2001). L ikewise, the other component, energy content, can be determin ed in all organisms. To date, except for one work in which the diff erences in energy allocation between brachypterous and macropterous morphs of the pygmy Grasshopper, Tetri x subulata were studied (Lock et al. 2006), the CEA methodology have been mostly applied for aquati c organisms. This method has been used for non-tar get organisms othe r than arthropod biocon- trol agents with the objective to environmental risk assess- ment (De Coen and Janssen 1997; De Coen and Jan ssen 2003; Smolders et al. 2003; V erslycke et al. 2004). Considering some applications of the CEA technique on arthropods (De Coen and Janssen 1997), especially on an insect (Lock et al. 2006) we are studying the capability of this method in case of plant pests and their natural enemies as a fast, sensitive and ecologically relevant measure of pes- ticides’ risk to BC agents (unpublished data). EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT CLASSES OF PESTICIDES ON BIOCONTROL AGENTS Most of the commonly used insecticides are w ide spectrum neurotoxic chemicals which affect target and non-tar get organisms. Some newly marketed pesticides are reported to be less toxic to natural enemies. Unfortunately many BC agents are susceptible to wide spectrum pesticides. There- fore a potential problem arising from the application of these pesticides is the disruption of beneficial arthropod populations important in BC processes. In IPM it is important to determine which pesticides are compatible with the major BC agents. The results of so me toxicity tests of major classes of pesticides on important BC agents are presented in Ta b l e 1. These classes include orga- nochlorine, organophosph orus, carbamates, pyrethroids, neonicotinoids, microbials, bo tanicals and Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs). The effect of pesticides on BC agents Tab le 1 (Cont. ) Reference Method Impact Biological con trol agent Pesticide Kobori and Amano 2004 Contact and ing estion toxicities Harmless Aphidius gif uensis Lufenuron Kohno et al. 2007 Direct applica tion Harmless Labidura riparia Methoxyfeno zide Grützmacher et al. 2004 Residual test Harmless Trichogramma ca coeciae Grützmacher et al. 2004 Residual test Harmless Trichogramma cacoeciae Medina et al. 2003 T opical application Harmless Chrysoperla carnea Pyri proxyfen W akgari and Gil iomee 2001 Residual test Harmful Aprostocetus ceroplastae Cloyd and Dic k inson 2006 Direct applica tion Harmless Leptomastix dac tylopii Medina et al. 2003 T opical application Harmless Chrysoperla carnea Tebufenozi de Amano and Haseeb 2005 Contact toxicity Harmless Di adegma semiclausum Oomyzus sokolowskii Te flubenzuron W akgari and Gil iomee 2001 Residual test Slightly harmful Aprostocetus c eroplastae Trifl umuro n W akgari and Gil iomee 2003 Direct spray Moderately harmful Coccidoxenoid es peregrinus Micellaneous classes of pesticides Y oshizawa and Aiz awa 2007 Direct spray Harmless Orius strigicollis Acequinocyl Ghadamyari an d T alebi 2002 Residual test Harmful Orius albidipen nis Amitraz Kobori and Amano 2004 Residual test Harmful Aphidius gifue nsis Cartap Amano and Haseeb 2005 Contact toxicity Harmful Diadegma semiclausum Oomyzus sokolowskii Chlorfenapyr Grützmacher et al. 2004 Residual test Harmless Trichogramma cacoeciae Dodine Sáenz-de-Ca bezón Irigaray and Zalom 2007 Residue test Harmful Gal endromus occidentalis Fenpyr oximate Morales et al. 2004 Ingestion toxicity Moderately Harmful Hy posoter didymator Fipronil Cloyd and Dic k inson 2006 Direct applica tion Harmful Leptomastix dactyl opii Flonicamid Kraiss and Culle n 2008 Direct spray; Laboratory bioassays Moderately lethal t o first and third larvae, no ef fect on pupae and adults Harmonia axyrid is Insecticidal soap Bjorksten and Ro binson 2005 Resid u al test Harmless Hemiptarsenus varicornis Mancozeb Kraiss and Culle n 2008 Direct spray; laboratory bioassays Moderately lethal t o first and third instars, no effect on pupae and adults Harmonia axyrid is Minera l oil Grützmacher et al. 2004 Residual test Moderately harmful Trichogramma cacoeciae Huerta et al. 2003 Topical bioass ays Harmless Chrysoperla carnea Ph loxine-B Rezaei et al. 2007 Residual test Harmless Chrysoperla carnea Propargite Y oshizawa and Aiz awa 2007 Direct spray Harmless Orius strigicollis Pymetrozine Rezaei et al. 2007 Residual test Harmless Chrysoperla carnea Cabral et al. 2008 Direct spray Harmless Coccinell a undecimpunctata Y oshizawa and Aiz awa 2007 Direct spray Harmless Orius strigicollis Pyri dalyl Kohno et al. 2007 Direct applica tion Harmless Labidura riparia James et al. 2005 Foliar application Moderately harmful Phytoseiid mites Sulfur Prischmann et al. 2005 Residue test Moderately harmful Phytoseiid mites Grützmacher et al. 2004 Residual test Harmful Trichogramma cacoecia e Thwaite et al. 1996 Residual test Mod erately harmful Typhlodromus pyri Tebuf enpyrad 93 Pest Technology 2 (2), 87-97 ©2008 Global Science Books depends on pesticides properties including mode of action, persistence and route to the target (Residual, quasi systemic and systemic action), etc. (V an Emden and Peakall 1996). Each pesticide has its own physical, chemical and bioche- mical properties and so its effect on a special natu ral enemy is different from other pesticides. Selective pesticides with low effects on natural enemy provide an oppo rtunity to use them in IPM. In the Table, different methods and formu lations of pes- ticides are used. Furthermore, the strain and life stage of a natural enemy is important in the classification of pesticide hazard. CONCLUSION In order to develop successful IPM programs many studies have been carried out to find out the probable compatibility of pesticides and arthropod biocontrol agen ts, the two major tools, in controlling plant pest species. However, diff erences in the used methods and the mea- sured endpoints make it diff icult to compare the results. The traditional laboratory methods have been shown as ineffici- ent leading to unreliable results. International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC) initiated to develop standard methods which are validated and ring tested. These methods make it possible to determine the hazard classes of the toxic compounds. (1991) dem o nstrated the high va- lidity of the standardized laboratory results by conducting more complex field trials. The methods are being developed and currently there is a growing emphasis on demographic studies which incorporates all lethal and sublet hal effects as a summary index so called population growth rate. Life table assays provide more detailed information on the side- effects of pesticides. It has been shown that in contrast to some suggestions th e population growth rate is not more sensitive than the individual endpoints. On the other hand the most sensitive endpoints are not necessarily the best and most relevant ones. Detecting the potential damage to the populations in the early stages would be very helpful in protecting the bene- ficial insects. 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The ESA 2001 Annual Meeting: An Entomolo- gical Odys sey of ESA, San Diego, USA Y oshizawa H, Aizawa T (2007) Effects of p esticides on survival of the natura l insect preda tor Orius s trigicollis (Poppius). Bullet in of Gunma Agricultural Technology Center 4, 5-13 97... Pymetrozine acts by interfering on the nervous system regulating the feeding behavior, where after the herbivorous insect ingests this compound it ceases to feed which results in death due to starvation after a few days (Kristinsson 1994). In addition to its efficacy against whiteflies and aphids, pymetrozine has shown low impact on important parasitoids of these pest spe- cies ( Sechser et al. 1994), and key predator species ( Talebi et al. 2008). These results concur with our data regarding two important parasitoids of aphids, as well as B. vulgaris and all predators studied....... The results of chlorfenapyr and thiamethoxam with both forming a cluster show the consistence of the results among the tested insecticides and natural enemies with similar and high acute toxicity, and agree with data summarized in Talebi et al. (2008). Otherwise, the group formed by chlorantraniliprole and pymetrozine, followed by spinosad, indicate that these materials have reduced impact on natural enemies, especially the first two insec- ticides....... The organophosphate (OP) methidathion was included in the trial to represent one of the most used chemical groups for cotton pest control and was classified as a highly toxic insecticide. OPs are molecules with broad- spectrum of action and known high toxicity to natural enemies ( Talebi et al. OPs have been widely used to control cotton pests, especially boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boh., whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Genn., boll worms, Helicoverpa spp....... To control these insect pests, insecticides are the most powerful tool to regulate the pest populations under check ( Gazzoni et al., 1999). The most commonly used insecticides are broad spectrum neurotoxic chemicals which influence both target and non-target insects (Talebi et al., 2008). Mostly, farmers prefer to use insecticides for quick results, as they most of the times, are not aware of the hazardous effects and recommended dosage of these insecticides which they are using against their target groups of insects (pests)....... The reduction of natural enemies is caused due to no-selective usage of insecticides that leads to serious problems especially the resurgence of new pests and the eruption of secondary pests (Fernades et al., 2010). Commonly used insecticides are broad spectrum neurotoxic poisons which affect target as well as non-target insects (Talebi et al., 2008). These wide spectrum insecticides pose potential threat to natural enemies (parasitoids) because of their common physiology with various pest species ( Liu et al., 2016).... Injudicious application of insecticides can cause a sharp reduction in the population of several predatory insects and mites including parasitoids. The current study was designed to investigate the effect of four insecticides (i. bifenthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin and acetamiprid) against the natural population of hymenopterous parasitoids parasitizing various pests of Alfalfa. When used against the pests of Alfalfa, these insecticides also affected the natural population of hymenopterous parasitoids significantly, resulting into ecological imbalance and making the crop more susceptible to pest infestation. This study has proved that bifenthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin and acetamiprid can cause a sharp decline of the population of twelve different hymenopterous parasitoids families of (trichogrammatidae, mymaridae, aphelinidae, encytidae, eulophidae, pteromalidae, eupelmidae, ichneumonidae, braconidae, proctotrupidae, platygastridae and scelionidae) with a detectable variation in their resistance to these insecticides. The comparison of means of survival percentage for different insecticides revealed that cypermenthrin caused the lowest mortality (highest survival percentage) to parasitoids followed by deltamenthrin, acetamiprid and bifenthrin to cause maximum mortality respectively (lowest survival percentage) to hymenopterous parasitoids. This would add further environmental concern to the natural population of several predatory insects as their viability will be significantly affected in different contaminative areas. Thus, such studies are also required to investigate the effects of other insecticides which have been extensively used for pest control.... Sustainable agricultural production is linked to the conservation of the biodiversity of the agroecosystem through advantageous organisms for phytosanitary protection (Talebi et al 2008, Tavares et al 2015. Figueiredo et al (2006) reported that the lack of natural enemies caused an increase in damages by Spodoptera frugiperda (J.... This chapter contains a brief explanation about the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis, its characteristics, mode of action, and possible effects to nontarget organisms, especially the natural enemies. A nontarget organism is any individual that is present in genetically modified (GM) crop environment and is not the target of control by the toxic protein. The natural enemies, such as predators or parasitoids and entomopathogens, are agents of control of insect pests, which are essential to maintain the stability of agroecosystems. However, since the liberation of transgenic Bt crops, there has been a gradual increase in the use of this tool of control and, with this, an increasing concern about its possible effects on natural enemies. These organisms can be directly and indirectly affected; therefore, monitoring and studying how these organisms interact in GM plants are necessary. This chapter approaches manners to evaluate the direct and indirect effects of GM plants on natural enemies to help understand the compatibility of the use of GM crops with biological control.... Unfortunately, many biological control agents, such as natural enemies of pests, are susceptible to a broad spectrum of pesticides. This creates a potential problem when these two components are utilized together ( Talebi et al., 2008)....... Un- fortunately, many biological control agents are susceptible to a wide spectrum of pesticides. Therefore, a potential problem developing from the application of these pesticides is the disruption of beneficial ar- thropod populations important in biological control processes (Talebi et al., 2008)....... It has been observed that not only the mites are affected by the application of sublethal doses or pesticides residues, other organisms commonly used for the biological control are also exposed to changes in their demographic behavior and the functional response (Stark et al., 2004; Talebi et al., 2008, Sohrabi et al., 2014. In this case, mites exposed to sublethal concentrations did not show a change in their functional response, but positive in its efficiency ( Table 1; Figure 1).... The biological control used for the control of Tetranychus urticae (Koch) is the predator mite Phytoseiulus persimilis (Athias-Henriot). It is important to the know the effects of acaricides on the biological behavior the Abamectin on the functional response of P. persimilis. The functional response of the predator was of type II exposed to concentration of Abamectin, the functional response parameters: successful attack rate (a’), handling time (Th), search efficiency and the maximum predation theory (T/Th) were affected by the acaricide. The predator spends more time in persecute, dominate, consume and prepair it self to the next searching comparing with the proof subject an the predation ability was affected.... Data have been compiled about the interaction of insecticides and arthropod predators and parasitoids (Croft and Brown, 1975;Croft and Whalon, 1982;Theiling and Crof, 1988;Croft, 1990;Vogt 1994;Johnson and Tabashnik 1999;Vogt et al., 2001;Bastos and Torres, 2006; Talebi et al. 2008; Michaud, 2012;Crosariol Neto et al., 2014;Stanley and Preetha, 2016a, b;Williams, 2017;Kim et al., 2018;Stecca et al., 2018) and physiological selectivity gained by evolved resistance Rodrigues et al., 2013;Bielza, 2016). Many of these data are compiled in the "grey literature" such as tech- nical bulletins and cropping guide books ( Bastos and Torres, 2006;Corso 2008;Crosariol Neto et al., 2014;Williams, 2017).... In this study, we formulated pesticides from 12 products, namely machine oil EC, imidacloprid WP, thiamethoxam WP, acetamiprid WP, methidathion EC, acequinocyl WP, clothianidin WP, deltamethrin EC, mancozeb WP, benomyl WP, difenoconazole WP, and bitertanol WP. These 12 pesticides were selected to determine their toxicity to green lacewing, Chrysoperla nipponensis, at the maximum field recommended dosage under laboratory conditions. Machine oil EC had extremely detrimental effects on eggs of C. nipponensis, resulting in 99% mortality (categorized as Class IV) when eggs were treated with machine oil EC by dipping. Mean larval corrected mortalities (%) for methidathion EC and deltamethrin EC were 62. 5% (categorized as Class II) and 87. 5% (categorized as Class III) respectively, when larvae were topically treated. As a result of dipping treatments of pupae with pesticides, machine oil EC and thiamethoxam WP were classified as slightly harmful (categorized as Class II). Methidathion EC showed high toxicity, resulting in a total effect index rate 100% (categorized as Class IV). Taxonomical notes of the genus Chrysoperla and C. nipponensis are reviewed here. The cotton ecosystem comprises various arthropod pest and natural enemies with simultaneous occurrence irrespective of growing region. The use of insecticides with reduced impact on natural enemies is a major goal to conserve them and, therefore, to reduce populations of arthropod pests. The survival of twelve key natural enemies for cotton pest management exposed to dried residues using the highest and lowest recommended rates representing old and new insecticides recommended to control cotton pests (chlorantraniliprole, chlofernapyr, spinosad, lambda-cyhalotrin, methidathion, pymetrozine, and thiamethoxam) was determined. The study included parasitoids [Aphelinus gossypii Timberlake, Bracon vulgaris Ashmead, Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson), Telenomus podisi (Ashmead), Trichogramma pretiosum (Riley)] and predators [Hippodamia convergens Guérin-Méneville, Euborellia annulipes (Lucas), Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas), Solenopsis invicta Buren), Orius insidiosus (Say), Chrysoperla externa Hagen and Eriopis connexa (Germar)], with two different cohorts for these last two species. All natural enemies exposed to methidathion exhibited 100% mortality. Thiamethoxam, lambda-cyhalothrin and chlorfenapyr also caused high mortality of P. nigrispinus, S. invicta, H. convergens, O. insidiosus and all tested parasitoids. Among the natural enemies, E. annulipes exhibited high survival when exposed to all tested insecticides, except methidathion. Chlorantraniliprole and pymetrozine caused overall lower impact on the natural enemies tested followed by spinosad; hence, they are options for cotton pest management. Furthermore, the outcomes highlight the implication of knowing the background susceptibility of the species tested when addressing the impact of insecticides on natural enemies. Features. Presents a balanced overview of environmentally safe and ecologically sound practices. Examines specific ecological measures to prevent or lessen insect pest infestation of crops. Covers environmentally acceptable physical control measures to prevent insect pests from entering greenhouses and causing damage. Includes recommended formulations and applications of insecticides targeted against destructive pests Insect pest control continues to be a challenge for agricultural producers and researchers. Insect resistance to commonly used pesticides and the removal of toxic pesticides from the market have taken their toll on the ability of agricultural producers to produce high quality, pest-free crops within economical means. In addition to this, they must not endanger their workers or the environment. We depend on agriculture for food, feed, and fiber, making it an essential part of our economy. Many people take agriculture for granted while voicing concern over adverse effects of agricultural production practices on the environment. Insect Pest Management presents a balanced overview of environmentally safe and ecologically sound practices for managing insects. This book covers specific ecological measures, environmentally acceptable physical control measures, use of chemical pesticides, and a detailed account of agronomic and other cultural practices. It also includes a chapter on state-of-the-art integrated pest management based, a section on biological control, and lastly a section devoted to legal and legislative issues. Insect Pest Management approaches its subject in a systematic and comprehensive manner. It serves as a useful resource for professionals in the fields of entomology, agronomy, horticulture, ecology, and environmental sciences, as well as to agricultural producers, industrial chemists, and people concerned with regulatory and legislative issues. The primary interest in beneficial insects originates from organizations like the IOBC working group ‘Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms’ who attempted to identify plant protection products that could be used together with the introduction of insects for biological control (Hassan et al., 1985; Hassan, 1989). Nowadays, a broader approach is common (‘European Standard Characteristics of Beneficial Regulatory Testing (ESCORT) workshop’: Barrett et al., 1994). The application of a pesticide should have no unacceptable effect generally on non-target organisms, including beneficials as well as other non-target species. The use of pyrethroid insecticides at recommended rates of application have no deleterious long-term effects on microorganisms or microbial processes. Aquatic invertebrates are the most susceptible organisms to pyrethroids. Selected groups, most noticeably mayflies, may be drastically affected for entire season; others experience only short-term reductions in numbers. Low levels of pyrethroids also cause invertebrate drift and other behavioral changes. Selected nontarget terrestrial invertebrates are also susceptible to pyrethroid insecticides. -from Authors Ecotoxicology is an emerging field of study that attempts to combine ecological and toxicological principles so that more realistic estimates of environmental damage by xenobiotics can be made. However, ecotoxicology is dominated by toxicology, and calls to ‘put the ecology into ecotoxicology’ have been virtually ignored (Baird et al., 1996). The effectiveness of parasitoids as biological control agents can be constrained by insecticide use, not only through direct mortality but also as a result of sublethal effects. Several pest aphids have become resistant to a range of insecticides and a resistant strain of Myzus persicae was used in laboratory experiments to investigate sublethal effects of the insecticides pirimicarb and dimethoate on the parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae. Both insecticides produced sublethal effects on D. rapae when the parasitoid attacked and developed in aphids that had been dipped in insecticide solutions. Dimethoate affected oviposition behaviour; females were apparently repelled by residues on the surface of dipped aphids, thus reducing their attack rate and hence the number of mummies produced. Also, the reproductive performance of parasitoids that had developed in pirimicarb-dipped aphids appeared to be adversely affected, in comparison with parasitoids that emerged from uncontaminated hosts, and this was reflected both in lower mummy production and lower attack rates. Pirimicarb, but not dimethoate, affected the sex ratio of the offspring of D. rapae that had developed in dipped aphids, causing a significant increase in the proportion of males. This only occurred when the male parent had developed in a pirimicarb-dipped aphid, suggesting that the effect involves male sterility or mating behaviour, although they appeared to mate normally. These sublethal effects are potential constraints on the efficiency and effectiveness of D. rapae as a biological control agent of aphid pests, but to assess fully their potential impact further studies need to be done using more realistic extended laboratory and semi-field techniques. Effects of sublethal exposure to triflumuron on the biological performance of the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch were analysed under laboratory conditions. Survivorship was affected by the compound. Triflumuron caused a reduction both in the percentage of eggs that developed to adults and in the survival of adult stage. Triflumuron also affected the fecundity. The net reproductive rate (R0), the intrinsic rate of increase (r m), and the finite rate of increase (λ) of treated females were lower than in those non treated, resulting in a reduction of population growth. These results suggest that triflumuron could be a valuable addition in integrated pest management programs of T. urticae, although more laboratory, semi-field and field testing is required. Tetrazolium reduction and enzyme kinetics were examined to estimate the ETS activity of decomposing reed (Phragmites australis /Cav. / Trin. ) rhizome to collect information on the activity of microbial decomposers. Optimal incubation time was determined at 22 °C. For complete enzyme extraction, 4-6 min. of homogenization was necessary. The main substrates of the enzymatic reaction were NADH and NADPH. The reaction was fastest when 2-(-p-iodophenyl)-3-(-p-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl tetrazolium chloride (INT; 0. 8 mM), NADPH (0. 25 mM) and NADH (1. 7 mM) were applied simultaneously. The optimal incubation time should be less than 20 minutes. The pH optimum of the enzyme reaction is 8. 0-8. 4. ETS activity of decomposing reed rhizome can be used to estimate potentially the oxygen consumption of microorganisms involved in decomposition and, indirectly, the rate of decomposition. Using a direct spraying test in the laboratory, nine Bt insecticides, a Beauveria bassiana insecticide, two IGRs (methoxyfenozide and chromafenozide), and a synthetic insecticide (pyridalyl) were determined to be harmless and a synthetic insecticide (dinotefuran) was determined to be slightly harmful to second instar Labidura riparia nymphs, which are regarded as an important natural mortality factor against insect pests in various crop fields. The use of these insecticides should be recommended in IPM programs to control cabbage insect pests, since they are regarded as being compatible with the conservation of L. riparia in the field. The copepod Eurytemora affinis and the cladoceran Daphnia pulex were cultured at sublethal concentrations of dieldrin to test the usefulness of the intrinsic rate of population increase, r, as a bioassay statistic. The 48-hr LC50 for E. affinis was 23 μg/L, but population growth rate measured by the life table method was only 12% of its control value at 5 μg/L and was zero at 10 μg/L, indicating a substantial sublethal effect. In contrast, D. pulex had a higher EC50 (251 μg/L) and showed little impairment of population growth potential below 220 μg/L. The authors suggest that the cladoceran was less sensitive than the copepod in both short- and long-term tests because of its simpler life cycle and larger size at hatching. The life table estimate of r appears to be an ecologically realistic measure of sublethal stress and requires an equivalent or shorter time to conduct than conventional long-term tests. The effects of fenpyroximate (Fujimite®), acequinocyl (Kanemite®), etoxazole (Zeal®), spiromesifen (Oberon®) and bifenezate (Acramite®) on adult female Galendromus occidentalis (Nesbitt) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) survival, fecundity and fertility were assessed following exposure to leaf surface residue and direct contact. Exposure to leaf surface residues of either bifenezate or acequinocyl did not affect fecundity or egg hatch, while spiromesifen decreased fecundity and etoxazole reduced egg hatch. Treating adult females with bifenezate, acequinocyl or spiromesifen reduced fecundity but did not reduce egg hatch, while etoxazole reduced both fertility and fecundity. Fenpyroximate killed all of the females by either method of exposure. Total effects on female G. occidentalis varied among chemicals. Knowledge of specific effects of these acaricides on spider mite predators may facilitate their use in integrated pest management programs.

Tetri sheikh. Add friend Block Mahdi Sheikhi? This will prevent Mahdi from sending you messages, friend request or from viewing your profile. They will not be notified. Comments on discussion boards from them will be hidden by default. Sign in to Goodreads to learn more about Mahdi. Mahdi Sheikhi rated a book really liked it سرگذشت ندیمه by (Goodreads Author) Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars Feb 08, 2018 12:03PM ·  like Mahdi Sheikhi wants to read 12 books in the 2018 Reading Challenge Create your own 2018 Reading Challenge » Jan 20, 2018 11:10AM پروژه رزی Graeme Simsion (Goodreads Author) Jan 20, 2018 11:09AM has read چشمهایش Bozorg Alavi Nov 30, 2017 08:33AM rated a book it was amazing کیمیا گر Paulo Coelho (Goodreads Author) Nov 29, 2017 01:56PM rated a book liked it بیگانه Albert Camus Nov 29, 2017 01:53PM جنایت و مکافات Fyodor Dostoyevsky Nov 29, 2017 01:52PM بینایی José Saramago کوری Nov 29, 2017 01:51PM More of Mahdi's books… بهترین کتابی که خواندم — 3205 members — last activity Feb 10, 2020 05:07PM این گروه برای معرفی بهترین کتاب های خوانده شده توسط دوستان عزیزه تا به این ترتیب در لذتی که از مطالعه این کتابها بردیم با هم شریک بشیم کتابداران فارسی گودریدز — 2827 members — last activity 22 hours, 24 min ago گروهی برای کتابداران فارسی زبان سایت گودریدز *همچنین درخواست هایی برای ویرایش، اضافه کردن، افزودن تصویر جلد و... در مورد کتاب های فارسی را در این..

Having seen most of Federico Fellini's movies, any viewer who not only watches the films but experiences the cinema may draw the conclusion that the director changed his style over the years. In other words, he turned to be more "skeptical" more "knowledgeable" and more "dreamlike." To realize that, we have to consider his earliest films - his honeymoon period - for clearer understanding of the change. The movie that resembles Fellini's freshness most is LO SCEICCO BIANCO. Here, it is hardly the Fellini we know from JULIET OF THE SPIRITS or CITY OF WOMEN. It is a fresh, genuine, young Fellini where some viewers even fail to recognize the director. Nevertheless, if one watches the film more deeply, it is possible to notice something characteristic of Fellini. To make it more clear, let me briefly look at the content first.
A young couple from the provincial part of Italy, Ivan Cavalli (Leopoldo Trieste) and Wanda Giardino Cavalli (Brunella Bovo) come to Rome for their honeymoon. Here, mind you that honeymoon symbolizes not only the mutual freshness, appreciation but also the lack of boredom resulting from routine of life. The honeymoon also appears to be the sort of "illusive prelude" to the everyday. Ivan is very strict, honorable and plans the visit exactly to the very letter with the schedule list which contains introducing of his wife to his noble family, sightseeing of Rome and the climax of the stay: the audience at the pope's. Wanda, however, is more "light hearted" enthusiastically absorbed in arts of 24th May Street and aims rather at adventure than at the formal side of the visit. When they enter the Tre Fiori Hotel, she soon disappears fleeing into the world of her dreams, illusions and fantasies. Will she find the stay at her illusive world of a white sheik (Lo Sceicco Bianco) more comfortable and convincing?
While analyzing the content (not revealing more of it) I think that this is one of the movies where Fellini is mostly HIMSELF. He touches similar themes like in his later movies, including social criticism, formality in relations, dominance, destructive illusions, social discrepancies, and disillusion. Yet, he remains absolutely clear. Criticizing social conventions, he aims at addressing the problem: what should the marital status be like? While discussing dominance, he seems to draw our attention to the different personalities of the couple. Most importantly, however, Fellini develops the destructive effect of illusions, which he would do in many of his later films, paying attention to Wanda's fanatic idolatry and fantasies: real life is a dream." When she enters the 24th May Street and, more strictly, when she meets the white sheik, isn't that Cabiria entering the house of Alberto Lazzari in Fellini 1957 movie? Is the world of art separated from the ordinary world? Had Wanda better just get the autograph and a cigarette as a souvenir and leave in order not to be led into unpleasant disillusion?
But, according to my deeper analysis of the themes, you may falsely conclude that the movie is pretty psychological. In no way! It is a humorous story, witty adventure with moments at which you will rather split your side than reflect. The atmosphere is perfect for ordinary viewers as well as Fellini buffs. It is not a Felliniesque movie but reveals more the characteristics of I VITELLONI, LA STRADA and NIGHTS OF CABIRIA. Moreover, LO SCEICCO BIANCO can boast wonderful cinematography with really well managed images. Concerning wit, the most memorable moments for me were two, in fact. One being Ivan who gets informed where Wanda is and, consequently, his sentence: Dear uncle, the name of Cavalli. ends with "we will meet in the Vatican at 11 o'clock. The other being the final moment when the noble family at last gets to know Wanda, the uncle says "Wanda Carissima. dearest Wanda) and their memorable walk towards St Peter's Basilica. Except for the two, there are many other witty moments that I won't reveal now. You must see the film. As far as camera is concerned, the absolute visual masterwork for me was the first view of the white sheik. We see him illusively, like Wanda regards him. And another strong point to be mentioned here: the wonderful music by Nino Rota, a mainstay in Fellini's films. UNFORGETTABLE!
The performances of the movie constitute the different aspect I'd like to discuss in the separate paragraph. There are many non professionals but it does not reduce the value of the movie. The cast do extraordinary jobs, including the leading couple: Leopoldo Trieste and Brunella Bovo as well as Alberto Sordi in the role of the white sheik and many of the supporting cast. Here, it is important to mention that Fellini had that very significant flair for casting people. But, the most important fact is that we can see Giulietta Masina in LO SCEICCO BIANCO. She biria, different one than a few years later. She appears in one scene but what a terrific performance it is! For me, it was the best scene of the movie. Masina is given very little time on screen in an undeveloped role, yet we all get the clear point of her portrayal and once you see her, you never forget her.
Very good film that I highly recommend anyone to see! To me, it appeared as if a "cinematic honeymoon" period of Fellini, of his skillful direction, of his themes' development and the particular charm that he skipped later. LO SCEICCO BIANCO is what movies have best: entertainment and education. Who was Wanda's white sheik in the end? Don't we also have "white sheiks" in our lives that lead us more often into illusions and, unfortunately, more rarely into disillusions? 9/10.

 

 

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Chicharon in english. Wo Hen Wo Ai Ni by A-Mei Chang subbed in English, Chinese, and the PInyin I own nothing 面帶微笑離開你懷裡 我聽天由命 最後一張王牌在手裡 二選一的機率 不能放縱愛你 就放過自己 愛情已經過了甜蜜期 多說也是無益 愛不愛我已經沒關係 一點小傷而已 你可以很放心 我不會為了留你 假裝可憐兮兮 都怪我 太不爭氣 我恨我愛你 Oh~ 我愛你 只是因為你是你 Oh~ 我恨你 你有我看也看不清的小聰明 你有我說也說不完的壞脾氣 你有我數也數不盡你的. 新戀情 愛情已經過了甜蜜期 多說也是無益 愛不愛我已經沒關係 一點小傷而已 你可以很放心 我不會為了留你 假裝可憐兮兮 都怪我 太不爭氣 我恨我愛你 Oh~ 我愛你 只是因為你是你 Oh~ 我恨你 你有我看也看不清的小聰明 你有我說也說不完的壞脾氣 你有我數也數不盡你的. 新戀情 沒關係. 我有你拿也拿不走的舊回憶 我可以一個人安靜的忘記你 我恨你最後那一句 我愛你 mai dai wei xiao li kai ni huai li wo ting tian you ming zui hou yi zhang wang pai zai shou li er xuan yi de ji lu bu neng fang zong ai ni jiu fang guo zi ji ai qing yi jing guo le tian mi qi duo shuo ye shi wu yi ai bu ai wo yi jing mei guan xi yi dian xiao shang er yi ni ke yi hen fang xin wo bu hui wei le liu ni jia zhuang ke lian xi xi dou guai wo tai bu zheng qi wo hen wo ai ni Oh~ wo ai ni zhi shi yin wei ni shi ni Oh~ wo hen ni ni you wo kan ye kan bu qing de xiao cong ming ni you wo shuo ye shuo bu wan de huai pi qi ni you wo shu ye shu bu jin ni de xin lian qing ai qing yi jing guo le tian mi qi duo shuo ye shi wu yi ai bu ai wo yi jing mei guan xi yi dian xiao shang er yi ni ke yi hen fang xin wo bu hui wei le liu ni jia zhuang ke lian xi xi dou guai wo tai bu zheng qi wo hen wo ai ni Oh~ wo ai ni zhi shi yin wei ni shi ni Oh~ wo hen ni ni you wo kan ye kan bu qing de xiao cong ming ni you wo shuo ye shuo bu wan de huai pi qi ni you wo shu ye shu bu jin ni de xin lian qing mei guan xi... wo you ni na ye na bu zou de jiu hui yi wo ke yi yi ge ren an jing de wang ji ni wo hen ni zui hou na yi ju wo ai ni (Using) smiles to leave your embrace, I resign myself to fate. The last trump card is in my hand, a one out of two probability. (I) cannot indulge into loving you, that will just mean) giving up myself. Love had past it's honey mood period, it's not good to talk about it. Loving me or not doesn't matter anymore, it just hurts a little. You don't have to worry, I won't pretend to be pitiful to have you stay. Just blame me being too disappointing. I hate that I love you. Oh~ I love you just because you are you. Oh~ I hate you. You have that little cleverness that I can hardly see. You have those bad tempers that I can endlessly talk about. You have countless new romances. Love had past it's honey mood period, it's not good to talk about it. Loving me or not doesn't matter anymore, it just hurts a little. You don't have to worry, I won't pretend to be pitiful to have you stay. Just blame me being too disappointing. I hate that I love you. Oh~ I love you just because you are you. Oh~ I hate you. You have that little cleverness that I can hardly see. You have those bad tempers that I can endlessly talk about. You have countless new romances. I doesn't matter. There are old memories of you that I can't take away. I can peacefully forget about you alone. I hate your last word, I love you. INA RAEWILA.

Chicharon. Last updated: 28 January 2020 Finding the best free streaming sites can sometimes be a tricky challenge. In my opinion this is simply because popular websites to watch movies online often disappear unexpectedly. The result is that people constantly need to look for new pages. It is true that there are many out there, but most are of poor quality. Nevertheless once a good one has been found things are so much easier. That’s why this blog exists. Make sure to bookmark this page for future reference. Recommended for you: The table below ranks the top 20 websites to stream free tv shows and movies. A big preference is given to long-standing and reliable platforms. Due to users requesting options that use only HTML5 video, such options have now been included. Keep in mind that these will also give free movie streaming on PlayStation and Xbox. Classification points are also given for the amount of high quality links, update frequencies, and your votes. The ranking changes frequently, so be sure to come back once in a while for new updates. TV Show & Movie Streaming Sites Comparison: Tip: rotate your mobile device to view full table. The best sites to watch free movies and TV shows online: Alluc Alluc is the first and most popular meta search engine to get movies online free. Type in the title, and it will literally search through thousands of sites. 95% of times it returns over 150 different videos to choose. These guys have been providing a quality user-interface and fast-loading website since the end of last decade. And things are really starting to kick off because they have turned the service into something really innovative. A nice modern design combined with an easy to use interface will get you up and running in seconds. All recent releases are available and you’ll be able to watch movies online without downloading here. What I especially like about this top streaming site is the range of links to choose from. In general, HTML5 streaming links are prioritized. This is especially is great for users trying to stream movies on PC, iPad, iPhone, or Android mobile devices. Pros Huge search engine for tv series online Mega fast loading times All major languages are offered Simplistic design that works on all devices So many results to get movies online free Cons Search returns a diverse range of video qualities CmoviesHD CmoviesHD, as the name suggests, offers free streaming movies. They are one of the platforms to be doing this really well since 2016. What I especially like are the quick story lines, genres, movie star re-caps provided for recently added sections. Another great feature is the top notch video player chosen by default throughout the pages. This allows subtitles (cc), super smooth loading, and a range of video quality settings. No ads intruding like with other places Great video player offered site-wide The suggested movies are quite decent Easy to get a quick overview of each film Name suggests that films are the norm when they’re not (tv series here too) 123MoviesHub (aka Gostream / GoMovies / 123movies) 123MoviesHub combines an amazingly nice modern design with a full-fledged netflix alternative. I think you’ll be impressed by this one. Many fast loading online movies free to stream, and pretty much any genre, documentary, and year to choose from. Titles can also be sorted by country. This is easily one of the best movie streaming sites out there. A powerful feature uses fast loading images and descriptions via informative boxes. Thank you to the many fans that pointed out this innovative piece of functionality, making this one of the best free movie sites in our list. Here’s the facts: MovieWatcher Aside from the sleek UI boasting a mobile compatible layout and HD video playback, I get all excited about MovieWatcher because it’s real intuitive to use for everyone. Guess what: you can search by year, popularity, and also by actor. Where else offers that? I also find that when searching for free movies online without downloading then it can be soft on the eyes. The theme is a nice soft creamy white on black. Low advert presence makes this nice to browse through Works astonishingly on mobile and console devices Plenty to choose from for those looking to watch free tv shows Multiple updated links to choose from Only possible to filter by date up to the year 2000 Watchseries WatchSeries is by far the best site to watch tv series online free. But what makes it outperform so many others? Most big names are offered and the catalogue of old-time classics is endless. If you are into marthons in front of the TV (well… er PC/laptop in modern days) then try it out now. In my opinion the reason for their popularity lies simply with the fact that the design is basic and layout is kept tidy. That’s how to keep a site with free shows online pleasing on the eye. All latest episodes Like others here it’s without any registration A range of links to pick and choose Front page offers an organized TV schedule The website address changes frequently Kingmovies I feel that Kingmovies responds in a similar way to other leading sites like GoMovies. Since early 2017 their traffic has been on the rise, with a 24% monthly increase in visits. As more users discover Kingmovies it has been receiving plenty of shares on social networks. The suggestions generally regroup new box office hits and in each top corner you can check the quality (eg. CAM, SD, HD). The sidebar features two very cool widgets. The first shows exactly what is being watched right now. The second lists the top user requests for movies to be added to the Kingmovies library. I would highly recommend that you try this site out: it’s mobile, PS4/Xbone, & tablet friendly too! Rapidly increasing monthly visits Lots shares on social networks Playback quality is displayed in top corner of each movie image Users can make request and see what others are watching The design feels too similar to GoMovies ProjectFreeTV ProjectFreeTV have been around for over ten years now. Over that time their traffic and user-base has increased by 140% each year. Although the interface may be outdated, there is a good reason ProjectFreeTV have over 30 million monthly visits. Let’s see why. Ok it’s true that the white background glare from your dark room can be painful. But the pain stops here. The designers have gone for full simplicity. Basically it means just click and go. Everything plays within the same window without redirecting to third parties. A nice place to watch free movies online now so do try it. Playback is high definition and works from all devices. 30 million monthly visits Gigantic movie catalogue Lots and lots of freshly updated links Search feature is pretty good Design hasn’t changed since 2007 YesMovies YesMovies has the nicest look out of all those listed here. New and rising fast. Thousands of free streaming tv shows to watch online without downloading. Could it be any better? Well one way to find out is by visiting this site on your smartphone. Yep – it works like a GEM. The user experience is just as smooth when on a PC or laptop. There is a reason why they are here in the top 10 streaming sites. New releases are always updated as soon as available. But the feature that I really have to mention in this YesMovies review would be the front page slider giving users a couple of suggestions on what to watch. Now for the positive / negative points: Landing page has plenty of choice yet loads blazingly fast Works well on PS4, Xbox, and mobile android devices Extra fast even during peak times Not blocked in the UK Similar in nature to GOmovies Not so many TV series are available iWatchOnline iWatchOnline is a really easy to use movie site which has a massive database of recent and older titles. It’s not hard to locate the required title simply by using their search feature. I enjoy the “box office” and “most wanted” sidebar boxes as this prompts me to look for alternative things to watch. Take some time to sit back and find what your looking for. There is a very good reason so many people come back here. The lack of annoying adverts is something that I especially like. The site has gone through a lot over the last five years and it is now styled with Bootstrap – meaning it’s mobile-friendly. iWatchOnline did suffer from an extended outage once. Nevertheless, here they are still up and running as smooth as ever. Most users are based in the USA Great on most smartphones especially iPhone Good range of Sci-Fi, Thriller, & History Catalogue slightly small than its peers More work needed on general presentation WatchFree (Series) People have begged me to add this free TV show site for a some time now. All episodes are up to date and links work perfectly. The front page informs of recent updates, while suggesting what’s on offer. Without a doubt this had to be the best site to watch free TV Shows for those that like simplicity. Navigation is easy and layout is basic. They have a sister site with the same name (which is part of the best free movie websites). Not to be confused, although both options are excellent choices (depending on what you would like to view). Putlocker Putlocker recently went offline only to resurface as “Putlockers”. We don’t know if these are the same guys that were behind the original. Either way it works so mighty well to watch movies online free. The only thing I dislike is the bright glaring theme used. I honestly struggle searching for the best movie website while staring at a white screen from my dark room. Users can stay on the page and playback quality can be increased with a simple click on the video player. All is good here fore getting online movies free and easy. 40 million monthly views Watch full movies without signing up Very popular in North America You’ll find every film from all years Not so good for foreign movies Design is less appealing then others Subsmovies If English is not your mother tongue then Subsmovies could be a great site for you. Imagine a user-activated subtitle system similar to GoMovies’s, but availalbe in every single major language. On Subsmovies users can, at the click of a button, activate subtitles in English, French, Spanish, Japanese, Chinese, German, Dutch, Portuguese… The audio remains in English, yet you get to read subtitles in you own language. For me, Subsmovies is a godsend. When my Spanish girlfriend and I want to watch a Hollywood hit together, she can simply activate the subs in her language and we both listen to the movie in English. Subtitles availalbe in all major languages Easy to watch any movie while reading in your mother tongue Subs are overlaid onto the video The interface is not as appealing as other major sites Sockshare Sockshare is a straightforward place to be considered here for a couple of reasons. Also here very recently, and gaining two positions this month. A newly designed user interface produces a pleasant overall experience. Since users are flocking to this site, it could soon be higher up in this list. You can search for popular titles right from the landing page. Or simply click on the top navigation bar to select the desired category. Check out their many review on forums loaded with many hot discussion topics about how to watch tv shows online in the easiest way possible. Simple design and layout A good backup site for free shows online Guide indicating how to watch included Smaller community following Catalogue is missing some smaller shows LosMovies LosMovies is one I like to use to watch movie online when it’s not possible to find what I’m looking for elsewhere. A long surviving platform that used to be one of the best free streaming sites here in this top 25 list above. The enormous database covers all genres, years, and different languages. Visits to LosMovies are increasing by 35% on a monthly basis. Many veteran users within the free movie streaming without downloading community insist that this should be the best website. Super fast loading 3D movie streaming is possible English subtitles available Does not work in the UK Fmovies Fmovies(aks Bmovies) are recent on this list of sites for free online movies. What got them here is quite interesting. Big thanks to the facebook user who suggested we add this entry. If you like to find free movies to watch while you’re on the go, then this one may well be a perfect match. Let’s give this Bmovies review all the depth it deserves by looking in detail at the main advantages: Which is easier: Streaming VS Downloading? Method 1: Streaming Streaming means that the video is sent directly to your browser. Playback happens right there in a tab. Most modern sites use HTML5 video to stream but some older ones require flash player. The former works across all devices, while the latter only on laptops & PCs. The advantage is that all browsers are equipped to play HTML5 movies. No extra steps are required, it works right out of the box. This make things really easy. Let’s face it – when I want to watch free movies online I go straight to my favorite search engine and try find what I’m looking for. This usually leads me to a site where I can stream free movies right in my browser online. I prefer this method, but let’s take a look at the alternative. Method 2: Downloading Downloading means that you wait for the whole file to be transferred to your PC, laptop, mobile, Playstation… whatever. This means that while the file is downloading you cannot watch it. Some extra software is usually required to watch full movies right on your desktop. Most people use VLC media player as this supports a wide range of video formats. Then you’ll need to setup and install µTorrent for taking care of the actual download. Pretty inconvenient. The only real advantage with downloading is that you can get free movies to watch offline. Should you go ahead and choose method 2 then I recommend this torrent tutorial to download using p2p file transfer. Final thoughts & extra tips Let’s hope this page has been useful to help you watch movies free online. There also a really great site that gives summaries of each title (with a rating and users reviews). There are of course other places to watch free online movies but these may not be as good as the ones reviewed above. Should you need some more, I would recommend checking out Netflix (paying subscription) which is by far the best movie site. Let me know any thoughts or feedback in the comments below.

Xiě xie. Yehey I learn your lesson today Miss yang2x thank you for your time😉now I well communicate my husband through Chinese😊. Chicharon ni mang juan. Chicharon filipino. Nice song, in the beginning i saw when minutes become hours. i was thinking Friday Friday tomorrow is Saturday, and Sunday comes afterwards. I like in this song so romantic... I love Actor Jackie Chan&Kim Hee Sun😍 Thankz. Chicharrones chips. Ill bet the dough is phenomenal. You made me laugh when you mentioned. Without the tones the pinyin is half useless, anyway thank you for this video <3. J'aime trop cette musique liker si vous aussi❤❤❤. Chicharron prensado. Chicharron de pollo.

•T2r~Minissia• meilleur couple faut sle dire😍. Every time I listen to this makes me think of my first love... Chicharon bituka.

 

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Like it. 谢谢 刘德华. 是不是有種愛是愛很深才會分開？. Chicharon bulaklak. Yangyang Cheng is the best chinese teacher. Nice song u have. Chui shao ren. Akhirnya ketemu juga judulnya setelah melakukan riset berabad-abad 😂😂😂.

• Columnist: Derek Winnert
• Resume: Derek Winnert is a leading UK film critic and author, and a member of the London Critics Circle.
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Info: son of Marshall, 1st of his name, maker of twins, trash talker, lover of sleep and cold weather

Reviews - Following the events at home, the Abbott family now face the terrors of the outside world. Forced to venture into the unknown, they realize the creatures that hunt by sound are not the only threats lurking beyond the sand path. Genre - Horror. USA. 2020. Sessiz Bir year 2011.

Sessiz bir yer 2 full izle türkçe dublaj. Someone: Snores Alien:Imma end this mans whole Career. Jim has some serious taste in women: Amy Adams, Rashida Jones, Pam Beesly and now Emily Blunt. Lantern. Falls * John: Jim face. Sessiz Bir year 2013. Im so excited to see this Movie! But since I dont like part 2 I would just call it A Quiet Place 2. This actress be looking between 35 and 70. This has to be one of my all time favourite movies 😍. A Quiet place 2: Things get loud. Sessiz bir yer 2 oyuncu kadrosu.

Before the trailer: I cannot wait! After the trailer: OMGOMGOMGOMGCILLIANMURPHYYYYYYYYYOMGOMGOMGGGG. Sessiz bir yer 2 türkçe dublaj full izle. Sessiz Bir year 2012.

Sessiz bir yer 2 türkçe. Sessiz bir yer filmi indir. I guess this was recommended because I keep searching these two for Mr Fantastic and The invisible woman in the MCU. So to see them sitting along side spiderman does put a smile on my face 🙃. Sessiz bir yer 2. Bet that custom guy googled him right after he left.

Sessiz bir yer 2018.

We all know if John was less American Emily wouldn't have been interested 😉

Sessiz Bir year 2008. A quiet place script: Dad. Mum. Daughter. Monster: sirduwjdbruzjsbsidh. Someone: breathe Alien: Imma ruin this man's whole career. Sessiz bir yer 2 fragman. A Quiet Place Part II Teaser poster Directed by John Krasinski Produced by Michael Bay Andrew Form Brad Fuller John Krasinski Written by John Krasinski Based on Characters created by Bryan Woods & Scott Beck [1] Starring Emily Blunt Cillian Murphy Millicent Simmonds Noah Jupe Djimon Hounsou Music by Marco Beltrami [2] Cinematography Polly Morgan Production company Platinum Dunes Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date March 20, 2020 (United States) Country United States Language American Sign Language English A Quiet Place Part II is an upcoming American horror film and sequel to A Quiet Place (2018). The sequel film was written and directed by John Krasinski and stars Emily Blunt, Millicent Simmonds, and Noah Jupe, reprising their roles from the first film. Cillian Murphy and Djimon Hounsou also joined the cast. Krasinski also reprises his role from the first film in newly-filmed flashback sequences. Talks of a sequel began in April 2018 following the box office success of the first film. By the following August, Krasinski was writing the film, and he was hired in February 2019 to direct. Production took place in Western New York from June to September. Paramount Pictures plans to release A Quiet Place Part II in theaters on March 20, 2020. Synopsis [ edit] "Following the deadly events at home, the Abbott family must now face the terrors of the outside world as they continue their fight for survival in silence. Forced to venture into the unknown, they quickly realize that the creatures that hunt by sound are not the only threats that lurk beyond the sand path. " [1] Cast [ edit] Emily Blunt as Evelyn Abbott Millicent Simmonds as Regan Abbott, Lee and Evelyn's daughter and Marcus’s sister Noah Jupe as Marcus Abbott, Lee and Evelyn's son and Regan’s brother Cillian Murphy as Emmett [3] John Krasinski as Lee Abbott, Evelyn's deceased husband and Regan and Marcus's father [4] Murphy described his character Emmett, "For me, Emmett represents where the heart of the world lies right now, which is: finally feeling like they’ve all given up. Here comes this girl [Regan] who allows you to believe in more, and allows you to believe in yourself. That idea, I’ve always been really enthralled by. " [3] Production [ edit] Paramount Pictures produced the first film, A Quiet Place, on a budget of $17 million. [5] Paramount released the film in the United States and Canada in April 2018 and grossed $50. 2 million on opening weekend, well above a mid-$20 million forecast. Later in April, Paramount Chair and CEO Jim Gianopulos announced that a sequel was in development. The first film ultimately grossed $188 million in the US and Canada and $340. 9 million worldwide. [6] John Krasinski, who co-wrote, directed and starred in the first film, said he considered it "as a one-off" but that with the sequel planned, he started considering the larger fictional universe to explore possibilities. [7] The first film's screenwriters Scott Beck and Bryan Woods did not return for the sequel; Woods said they were not interested in a franchise approach and that they would rather try "to create original ideas" and used their writing credits to instead use "as an opportunity to push several projects". [8] Beck said, "Instead of focusing on sequels per se, it's about investing back into the ecosystem of original ideas in a massive marketplace. " [9] In August, Krasinski was writing the film, and a director had not been hired yet. [10] According to Krasinski, Paramount rejected pitches from other writers and directors that were considered too franchise-oriented, and the studio invited him to write a script based on his "tiny idea that fit that world and could be exciting". [11] Cinematographer Polly Morgan described the sequel's approach, "It's more about the children growing up, exploring the world and learning to protect themselves. " [12] By February of 2019, Krasinski was hired to direct the sequel, and actors Emily Blunt, Millicent Simmonds, and Noah Jupe were confirmed to reprise their roles. [13] In March, Cillian Murphy joined the cast. [14] In the following June, Brian Tyree Henry joined the cast, [15] but he left the film due to scheduling problems. He was replaced by Djimon Hounsou in August. [16] In June, production began on the sequel. [17] Filming officially commenced on July 15, 2019. [18] Filming took place throughout Western New York. [19] Locations included Erie County and one of its villages, Akron. Other locations included the city of North Tonawanda and the hamlet of Olcott in Niagara County, [20] and Barcelona Harbor in the town of Westfield in Chautauqua County. [21] Filming also took place on a sound stage in Buffalo, New York. One of the last filming locations, the northbound South Grand Island Bridge, was shut down for 13 hours for filming. [22] The production invested over $10 million in Upstate New York, created 400 hires, and involved 300 background actors. [23] By late September, production was finished. [24] Release [ edit] Paramount Pictures plans to release A Quiet Place Part II in theaters, including Dolby Cinema and IMAX, in the United States and Canada on March 20, 2020. [1] It initially planned to release the film on May 15, 2020. [25] BoxOffice forecast in January 2020 that the film would gross $72 million on its opening weekend. It based the forecast on the first film's success on its own opening weekend ( $50. 2 million) and in the long run, the sequel's early social metrics being strong, and the continued involvement of Emily Blunt and John Krasinski. BoxOffice said the sequel's opening-weekend gross could be negatively impacted by its trailer's indication of having more dialogue and action than the first film. It also said the sequel would be competing with Mulan and No Time to Die around the time of its release. [26] See also [ edit] List of films featuring the deaf and hard of hearing References [ edit] ^ a b c Evans, Greg (December 18, 2019). " ' A Quiet Place Part II' Teaser Finally Making Noise Outside Sneak Peek Screenings". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved December 18, 2019. ^ Staff (January 6, 2020). "Marco Beltrami to Return for John Krasinski's 'A Quiet Place Part II ' ". Film Music Reporter. Retrieved January 6, 2020. ^ a b Briers, Michael (January 13, 2020). "New A Quiet Place: Part II Photo Introduces Cillian Murphy's Stranger". We Got This Covered. Retrieved January 18, 2020. ^ Evans, Greg (January 31, 2020). " ' A Quiet Place Part II' Trailer: Super Bowl Spot Surprises From The Start". Retrieved January 31, 2020. ^ McClintock, Pamela (May 22, 2018). "Box-Office Milestone: 'A Quiet Place' Screams Past $300M Globally". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved December 18, 2019. ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (April 8, 2019). "Small Movies, Big Profits: 2018 Most Valuable Blockbuster Tournament". Retrieved October 4, 2019. ^ Blyth, Antonia (May 8, 2018). "John Krasinski: 'A Quiet Place' Sequel Might Explore 'Who Was On The Other End Of Those Fires ' ". Retrieved October 4, 2019. ^ Scott, Ryan (September 11, 2019). "A Quiet Place Writers Explain Why They're Less Involved with the Sequel [Exclusive]". MovieWeb. Retrieved January 14, 2020. ^ Crump, Andy (September 13, 2019). " ' Haunt' Writers on Their 'A Quiet Place' Success and the 'Crazy, Zany' Script They're Working On". Retrieved January 14, 2020. ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (August 29, 2018). " ' Top Gun: Maverick' Flies To Summer 2020 With 'A Quiet Place' Sequel & More: Paramount Release Date Changes". Retrieved October 4, 2019. ^ Buchanan, Kyle (January 3, 2019). " ' A Quiet Place' Was a Huge Hit. Will Oscar Listen? ". The New York Times. Retrieved October 4, 2019. ^ Trenholm, Richard (October 4, 2019). "Lucy in the Sky and Quiet Place 2: No diapers but lots of cinematic tricks". CNET. Retrieved October 4, 2019. ^ Kit, Borys (February 22, 2019). " ' A Quiet Place 2': Emily Blunt, Millicent Simmonds, Noah Jupe in Talks to Return (Exclusive)". Retrieved October 4, 2019. ^ Kit, Borys (March 29, 2019). "Cillian Murphy in Talks to Join Emily Blunt in 'A Quiet Place' Sequel (Exclusive)". Retrieved October 4, 2019. ^ Verhoeven, Beatrice; Gonzalez, Umberto (June 5, 2019). "Brian Tyree Henry in Talks to Join Emily Blunt in 'A Quiet Place 2' (Exclusive)". TheWrap. Retrieved October 4, 2019. ^ Fleming Jr., Mike (August 12, 2019). "Djimon Hounsou Steps Into 'A Quiet Place Part II;' Brian Tyree Henry Exits Over Scheduling". Retrieved October 4, 2019. ^ Ames, Jeff (June 20, 2019). "A Quiet Place 2 Sneaks Into Production".. Retrieved October 4, 2019. ^ Collis, Clark (July 15, 2019). "John Krasinski announces A Quiet Place 2 has started shooting". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved October 4, 2019. ^ Staff (September 25, 2019). "That's a wrap: 'A Quiet Place 2' finishes filming in Western New York".. WKBW-TV. Retrieved December 28, 2019. ^ WIVB Staff (August 2, 2019). " ' A Quiet Place 2' looking to film in North Tonawanda".. WIVB-TV. Retrieved October 4, 2019. ^ Tichy, Eric (August 9, 2019). " ' A Quiet Place 2' lands at Barcelona". Observer Today. Ogden Newspapers. Retrieved October 4, 2019. ^ Besecker, Aaron (August 19, 2019). " ' A Quiet Place 2' filming to close Grand Island bridge for 13 hours". The Buffalo News. Retrieved October 4, 2019. ^ Herbert, Geoff (August 14, 2019). " ' A Quiet Place 2' continues filming in Western NY; Marvel star joins cast". The Post-Standard. Retrieved October 4, 2019. ^ Hermanns, Grant (September 25, 2019). "A Quiet Place Part II Wraps Production! ".. Retrieved October 4, 2019. ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (May 24, 2019). " ' A Quiet Place 2' Going Earlier In 2020, 'Playing With Fire' Takes Over 'Sonic' ' s November Spot: Paramount Release Date Changes". Retrieved October 4, 2019. ^ Robbins, Shawn (January 24, 2020). "Long Range Box Office Tracking: A Quiet Place Part II ". BoxOffice. Retrieved January 27, 2020. External links [ edit] A Quiet Place Part II on IMDb.

When the first one ended and I found out that it was green lit for a second, I thought how good can it be? It looks to be pretty damn good. Sessiz Bir Yer 2.0. The first trailer of the year and starting strong. Yes.

 

So youre telling me. that i watched the whole quiet place. and i never knew that jim was the dad. So if my wife's stomach growls in this film universe with me associated with her? Cause suffers from IBS WILL WE DIE. Sessiz bir yer 2 full izle türkçe altyazılı. Sessiz bir yer turkce altyazili jet film. Love how Tom Holland is just observing the senior celebrities and learnings its actually endearing. Sessiz bir yer 2018 izle. Parts of this movie reminded me of his sign language scenes in Aloha. Sessiz bir yer 2 türkçe dublaj. 0:40 When your in first place but you see a Blue Shell coming.

Sessiz bir yer 2 altyazılı izle. Sessiz Bir year 2014. Sessiz Bir Yer 2.3. I love movies when told how everything started or at least a part of it. Feels like someone documented a day in my life from 1998. 0:48 I just realized that there was one of those monsters in the bus😂. Sessiz bir yer hdcilmcehennemi1 full izle. Sessiz Bir Yer 2.1. No one: The bottles: sufhvosrnoihfoihselfj The alien things: I'm gonna munch, I'm gonna crunch...

This is creeping me out. I found out that Emily Blunt slept with the director of A Quiet Place. Remind me when A Quiet Place Part II is released Save to Calendar Google Calendar Apple iCal Microsoft Outlook. Sessiz bir yer 2 trailer. Sessiz bir yer filmi izle.

Sessiz Bir year 2007. Sessiz Bir year 2009. Sessiz bir yer izle 2. Emily Blunt, Djimon Hounsou and Cillian Murphy. Stellar cast! Glad we get to see how it all started. I remember John Krasinski said these things rode on asteroids. Sessiz bir yer 2 vizyon tarihi. Why they didnt just name it “A quieter place”.

 

Sessiz bir yer 2 turkce dublaj

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A Quiet Place 2

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Directed by - Jake Kasdan Genre - Adventure Country - USA runtime - 123 m One quiet year after unearthing the old-school video-game console in Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle (2017), Spencer and his friends--Martha, Fridge, and Bethany--have all gone their separate ways. However, the power of the mysterious board game is unlimited, and before they know it, the quartet of reluctant players, along with a pair of unexpected participants, find themselves, once again, pulled into the dangerous mystical realm. This time, the game has evolved, and challenging new levels await the users' digital alter egos, as a mighty adversary bent on destruction threatens Jumanji. Amid unforgiving deserts, treacherous jungle oases, and steep snow-capped mountains will Dr Smoulder Bravestone and the other characters figure out how to cooperate, and get out of there alive? rating - 56344 vote.

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中世纪2全面战争吧-百度贴吧--中世纪II全面战争--本吧宗旨与精神：论古今，谈中外，集四方名士，畅所欲言。怀家国，秉贞志，号天下男儿，壮我中华！Total War 系列
https://shrturi.com/N0vn8j 台北總公司：(104) 台北市中山北路二段 44 號 2 樓 | 台新證券服務專線：4050-9799 | 99年金管證總字第 0036號 © 2018 Taishin Securities Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved. The follow up to the surprise hit of the long awaited Jumanji sequel is, well, basic. It has funny parts but it's also very slow moving to begin with. I honestly didn't care about the characters lives outside of the game. Just get in there & be funny!
You have to endure 20 mins of unoriginal apparent teen angst before you get to the fun stuff. But then for 2019 you see the double standards of Hollywood in all their 'family friendly' glory.
Old people are stereotypical dithering imbeciles.
The black guy keeps going on about being black & how he needs to stop hanging around with white people. Apparently this is funny, but I imagine it wouldn't have been had it been said the other way around.
The bad guy posed no threat, he had no purpose really which was a shame.
Unlike the first film the (lol) kids didn't go on a journey of self discovery & got better from it. Instead it was fractured between a 15 year argument between business partners & the lad who decided he was better as a game character than himself. Forget the game, he needs a Psychiatrist.
The film was obviously made on the popularity of its predecessor & it shows. Even though they destroyed the game in the last film it's back, saved for no apparent reason by one of the lads who swore to never go back!
The horse! Very very very cheap trick. It made no sense for a horse to be a playable character, neither got it to be able to fly. All the other animals in Jumanji are real animals (give or take exaggeration on size etc) then there's a flying horse! But of course!
Magic water! Lazy lazy plot device. And it's been set up for a sequel (Gods help us!
Entertaining: 7/10
Originality: 3/10
Humour: 5/10
Action: 7/10.

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美容師多名 (保證包薪$25, 000); 按摩師多名 (保證包薪$25, 000) GUANGDONG GROUP 廣東集團, Macau Recruitment 澳門招聘, Junior 基層員工, Admin 行政, Customer Service 顧客服務, Marketing 市場推廣, Supervisor 主任級別, Finance & Accounts 財務及會計, Audit 審計, Manager 經理級別, Operation 運營, PR 公關, Driver 司機, Secretary 秘書, DEC3 本集團為員工提供優厚福利！ Junior 基層員工, Supervisor 主任級別, Manager 經理級別, JW MARRIOTT HOTEL MACAU 澳門JW萬豪酒店, F&B 餐飲, Finance & Accounts 財務及會計, Sales 銷售, Engineering 工程, Operation 運營, Freelance 兼職, HR 人力資源, Training 培訓, Trainee 培訓生, Marketing 市場推廣, DEC3 薪金：$15, 000 - $50, 000 或以上 (彈性工作時間) 旗下店鋪包括：新濠影匯、金沙城、巴黎人及威尼斯人 Manager 經理級別, Junior 基層員工, Supervisor 主任級別, Macau Recruitment 澳門招聘, Sales 銷售, Retail Management 零售管理, Trainee 培訓生, Warehouse 倉務, Cashier 收銀員, 百佳超級市場, TASTE SUPERMARKET, Fresh Graduate 應屆畢業生工作, DEC3 Macau Recruitment 澳門招聘, Supervisor 主任級別, Junior 基層員工, Manager 經理級別, Specialist 專業人仕, Marketing 市場部, Sales 銷售, IT 資訊科技, HR 人力資源, Customer Service 顧客服務, Freelance 兼職, DEC3 MACAU ENGINEERING COMPANY 工程公司, Macau Recruitment 澳門招聘, Junior 基層員工, Admin 行政, Engineering 工程, Manager 經理級別, QS 工料測量, Interior Design 室內設計, Electrical & Mechanical 機電工程, Supervisor 主任級別, DEC3 We offer competitive salary package and career development opportunity. YING HAI GROUP 瀛海集團, Macau Recruitment 澳門招聘, Travel Agency 旅行社, Junior 基層員工, Supervisor 主任級別, Admin 行政, Marketing 市場推廣, Driver 司機, Customer Service 顧客服務, Fresh Graduate 應屆畢業生工作, DEC3 本公司提供優厚薪酬福利，在職培訓及良好晋升機會。 Deco Design 廸高設計, Macau Recruitment 澳門招聘, Junior 基層員工, Supervisor 主任級別, Freelance 兼職, Design 設計, Admin 行政, Customer Service 顧客服務, Marketing 市場推廣, Multimedia Production 多媒體製作, Logistics 物流, FINANCE & ACCOUNTS 財務 & 會計, Fresh Graduate 應屆畢業生工作, DEC3 Well Link Bank 立橋銀行, Junior 基層員工, Supervisor 主任級別, Manager 經理級別, Executive 高級管理人員, Teller 銀行櫃員, Operation 運營, Customer Service 顧客服務, IT 資訊科技, Admin 行政, Law 法律, Fresh Graduate 應屆畢業生工作, DEC3 澳門循道衛理聯合教會社會服務處, Macau Recruitment 澳門招聘, Junior 基層員工, Social Worker 社工, Medical 醫療職位, Admin 行政, Activity Coordinator 活動協調, Training 培訓, Education 教育, F&B 餐飲, NPO 非牟利機構, Chef 廚師職位, Nurse 護士, Fresh Graduate 應屆畢業生工作, Supervisor 主任級別, DEC3 CROWNE PLAZA MACAU 澳門皇冠假日酒店, Manager 經理級別, Supervisor 主任級別, Junior 基層員工, Freelance 兼職, Customer Service 顧客服務, Engineering 工程, F&B 餐飲, Marketing 市場推廣, Cleaner 清潔職位, Chef 廚師職位, DEC2, Executive 高級管理人員 OCBC Wing Hang 華僑永亨銀行, Junior 基層員工, Supervisor 主任級別, Manager 經理級別, Customer Service 顧客服務, Marketing 市場部, Specialist 專業人仕, Teller 銀行櫃員, Freelance 兼職, Admin 行政, HR 人力資源, Investment 投資, Finance 金融, Finance & Accounts 財務及會計, Risk Management 風險管理, IT 資訊科技, Executive 高級管理人員, Cleaner 清潔職位, DEC2 [全職 / 兼職] 多個部門職位招聘！ CHINA TAIPING 中國太平保險, Junior 基層員工, Supervisor 主任級別, Manager 經理級別, Investment 投資, Operation 運營, Insurance 保險, Finance & Accounts 財務及會計, Customer Service 顧客服務, Admin 行政, Law 法律, DEC2 多個職位種類！ ST. REGIS 澳門瑞吉酒店, Macau Recruitment 澳門招聘, Specialist 專業人仕, Junior 基層員工, Supervisor 主任級別, Manager 經理級別, Sales 銷售, Customer Service 顧客服務, Chef 廚師職位, F&B 餐飲, IT 資訊科技, Reception 接待, HR 人力資源, Engineering 工程, Executive 高級管理人員, DEC2 SHERATON MACAU 澳門喜來登金沙城中心酒店, Macau Recruitment 澳門招聘, Specialist 專業人仕, F&B 餐飲, Chef 廚師職位, Secretary 秘書, HR 人力資源, Manager 經理級別, IT 資訊科技, Finance & Accounts 財務及會計, Freelance 兼職, Event Planning 活動策劃, DEC2, Executive 高級管理人員 多個部門職位：全職 / 兼職 Banco Delta Asia 滙業銀行, Macau Recruitment 澳門招聘, Junior 基層員工, Supervisor 主任級別, Specialist 專業人仕, Manager 經理級別, Admin 行政, Investment 投資, Finance 金融, Customer Service 顧客服務, Teller 銀行櫃員, Law 法律, Fresh Graduate 應屆畢業生工作, DEC2 PRADA, MIU MIU, Junior 基層員工, Supervisor 主任級別, Manager 經理級別, Freelance 兼職, Sales 銷售, VM 商品陳列, Admin 行政, Warehouse 倉務, Retail Management 零售管理, DEC2 McDonald's Macau 麥當勞, Macau Recruitment 澳門招聘, Junior 基層員工, Freelance 兼職, Manager 經理級別, Barista 咖啡師, Store Manager Trainee 見習經理, Driver 司機, FINANCE & ACCOUNTS 財務 & 會計, Intern & Trainee 實習及見習, DEC2 全職 / 兼職 / 見習計劃 IKEA 宜家家居, VM 商品陳列, Interior Design 室內設計, Admin 行政, Junior 基層員工, Supervisor 主任級別, Manager 經理級別, Design 設計, Retail Management 零售管理, F&B 餐飲, Operation 運營, Sales 銷售, DEC2, Customer Service 顧客服務 Four Star 科達, Specialist 專業人仕, Junior 基層員工, Macau Recruitment 澳門招聘, Admin 行政, Medical 醫療職位, Sales 銷售, Logistics 物流, Manager 經理級別, Supervisor 主任級別, DEC1 (政府公眾假期、5 天工作制) Guardforce 衛安, Junior 基層員工, Supervisor 主任級別, Manager 經理級別, Macau Recruitment 澳門招聘, Admin 行政, Customer Service 顧客服務, Operation 運營, Security 保安, Cashier 收銀員, Driver 司機, Finance & Accounts 財務及會計, Property Service 物業服務, DEC1 多個職位種類招聘！ SHUN TAK HOLDINGS 信德集團, Macau Recruitment 澳門招聘, Junior 基層員工, Manager 經理級別, Supervisor 主任級別, Specialist 專業人仕, Freelance 兼職, Cleaner 清潔職位, Secretary 秘書, Property Service 物業服務, F&B 餐飲, Chef 廚師職位, Customer Service 顧客服務, Engineering 工程, Electrical & Mechanical 機電工程, Marketing 市場推廣, Admin 行政, Sales 銷售, Reception 接待, Finance & Accounts 財務及會計, DEC1 [全職 / 兼職] 我們提供有競爭力的薪酬待遇和長遠的職業前景。 WYNN MACAU 永利澳門, Macau Recruitment 澳門招聘, Specialist 專業人仕, Junior 基層員工, Supervisor 主任級別, F&B 餐飲, Logistics 物流, IT 資訊科技, Finance & Accounts 財務及會計, HR 人力資源, Admin 行政, Cleaner 清潔職位, Chef 廚師職位, Manager 經理級別, Customer Service 顧客服務, Training 培訓, Security 保安, Audit 審計, Fresh Graduate 應屆畢業生工作, Marketing 市場部, DEC1 多個部門招聘 微奧互動設計有限公司, WEI MO DESIGN INTERATIVO LDA., Macau Recruitment 澳門招聘, Junior 基層員工, Supervisor 主任級別, Design 設計, Reception 接待, Freelance 兼職, Sales 銷售, Marketing 市場推廣, Customer Service 顧客服務, Intern & Trainee 實習及見習, DEC1 全職 / 兼職 / 實習 We offer successful candidate an attractive remuneration package with excellent opportunities and support for professional development. GUCCI (MACAU) 古馳澳門, Macau Recruitment 澳門招聘, Junior 基層員工, Supervisor 主任級別, Manager 經理級別, Sales 銷售, VM 商品陳列, Admin 行政, Executive 高級管理人員, NOV3, Operation 運營 SUNCITY GROUP 太陽城集團, Manager 經理級別, Supervisor 主任級別, Junior 基層員工, Customer Service 顧客服務, Admin 行政, Training 培訓, HR 人力資源, PR 公關, Jobs Abroad 海外工作, NOV3 全球招聘 - 多個部門職位招聘 WYNN PALACE 永利皇宮, Macau Recruitment 澳門招聘, Junior 基層員工, Finance & Accounts 財務及會計, Customer Service 顧客服務, Engineering 工程, Security 保安, Procurement 採購, Reception 接待, Admin 行政, Fresh Graduate 應屆畢業生工作, NOV3 信和科技有限公司, Macau Recruitment 澳門招聘, Engineering 工程, Sales 銷售, Supervisor 主任級別, Admin 行政, HR 人力資源, Marketing 市場推廣, Design 設計, Finance & Accounts 財務及會計, Electrical & Mechanical 機電工程, NOV3, Secretary 秘書 IDEC 國際發展教育中心, Macau Recruitment 澳門招聘, Junior 基層員工, Freelance 兼職, Specialist 專業人仕, Education 教育, Admin 行政, Secretary 秘書, Finance & Accounts 財務及會計, Supervisor 主任級別, Marketing 市場推廣, Sales 銷售, Reception 接待, HR 人力資源, NOV3 M Plus 安播體育傳媒有限公司, Macau Recruitment 澳門招聘, IT 資訊科技, Design 設計, Marketing 市場推廣, Junior 基層員工, Manager 經理級別, Admin 行政, HR 人力資源, Supervisor 主任級別, NOV3 我們提供優厚薪金待遇、完善的福利計劃、專業在職培訓及無限的工作前景。 Fidelidade Macau 忠誠保險, Supervisor 主任級別, Manager 經理級別, Customer Service 顧客服務, Investment 投資, Finance 金融, Sales 銷售, Marketing 市場推廣, Insurance 保險, Finance & Accounts 財務及會計, Cashier 收銀員, Executive 高級管理人員, NOV2 Junior 基層員工, Supervisor 主任級別, Manager 經理級別, THE RITZ-CARLTON, MACAU 澳門麗思卡爾頓酒店, Macau Recruitment 澳門招聘, Customer Service 顧客服務, F&B 餐飲, Freelance 兼職, Chef 廚師職位, Admin 行政, Bartender 調酒師, Executive 高級管理人員 Featured.

Edit Release Dates Finland 4 December 2019 France Indonesia Philippines Taiwan Denmark 5 December 2019 Netherlands Singapore China 6 December 2019 Estonia Iceland Lithuania Latvia Romania Sweden Belgium 11 December 2019 UK Ireland South Korea Austria 12 December 2019 Germany Croatia Hungary Israel Kuwait Kazakhstan Lebanon Mexico Portugal Russia Saudi Arabia Slovakia Ukraine Angola 13 December 2019 Bulgaria Canada Spain India Japan Norway Turkey USA Vietnam Colombia 25 December 2019 Hong Kong Italy Peru Australia 26 December 2019 Chile New Zealand Uruguay 26 December 2019 (pre-estreno) Poland 27 December 2019 Greece 2 January 2020 Argentina 9 January 2020 Brazil 16 January 2020 Also Known As (AKA) (original title) Jumanji: The Next Level Jumanji: El siguiente nivel Jumanji: Próxima Fase Bulgaria (Bulgarian title) Джуманджи: Следващо ниво Canada (English title) Canada (French title) Jumanji: Le prochain niveau China (Mandarin title) 勇敢者游戏2：再战巅峰 Jumanji: Iduća razina Czech Republic Jumanji: Další úroveň Jumanji: Next Level Jumanji - The Next Level Jumanji: Η Επόμενη Πίστα Jumanji: A következő szint India (English title) India (Hindi title) Israel (Hebrew title) Jumanji: Ha'Shalav Ha'Ba Japan (Japanese title) ジュマンジ　ネクスト・レベル Džumandži: Nākamais līmenis Dziumandzi: Kitas lygis Jumanji: el siguiente nivel Jumanji: Następny poziom Jumanji: O Nível Seguinte Romania (alternative title) Jumanji: Următorul Nivel Джуманджи: Новый уровень Serbia Džumandži - Sledeći nivo Jumanji: Ďalší level Slovenia Jumanji: Naslednja stopnja Jumanji: Siguiente nivel 野蠻遊戲：全面晉級 Turkey (Turkish title) Jumanji: Yeni Seviye Джуманджі: Наступний рівень Uruguay (3-D version) Trò Chơi Kỳ Ảo: Thăng Cấp World-wide (English title) (alternative title) Jumanji 3.

音速小子超會衝 北美票房奪第一 （法新社洛杉磯16日電） 派拉蒙出品的家庭片「音 速小子」（Sonic the Hedgehog）以北美5700萬美元票 房成績，登上北美票房冠軍。 本週末排名第2的電影票房收入落後「音速小子」 一大截，華納兄弟超級英雄片「猛禽小隊：小丑女大解 放」（Birds of Prey）3天收入來到1710萬美元（4天 1950萬美元）。 排名第3的是本週末新上檔的索尼恐怖片「逃出夢 幻島」（Fantasy Island），進帳1240萬美元（4天 1400萬美元）。這部由麥可潘納（Michael Pena）和 Maggie Q主演的電影，是將1970年代電視節目搬上大銀 幕。 同樣本週末新上檔的環球愛情劇情片「照片」（ The Photograph），這部由凱斯史坦費爾德（Lakeith Stanfield）和伊莎蕾（Issa Rae）主演的電影，首映 以1230萬美元（4天1400萬美元）排名第4。 排名第5的是索尼動作片「絕地戰警FOR LIFE」（ Bad Boys for Life），進帳約1130萬美元（4天1280萬 美元）。 排名第6到第10的電影依序為：「1917」（1917） ，810萬美元（4天940萬美元）；「野蠻遊戲：全面晉 級」（Jumanji: The Next Level），570萬美元（4天 700萬美元）；「寄生上流」（Parasite），550萬美元 （4天670萬美元）；「杜立德」（Dolittle），510萬 美元（4天630萬美元）；「每況愈下」（Downhill）， 470萬美元（4天520萬美元）。（譯者：蔡佳敏/核稿： 嚴思祺）.

Free Movie 野蠻遊戲：全éa.c.h. Free Movie 野蠻遊戲：全e.a.c.e. 選擇 戲院 選擇 片名 選擇 日期 選擇 場次 選擇 數量 查詢 電影排行榜 台北票房榜 全美票房榜 預告片榜 London Has Fallen 上映日期：2016-03-04 片　　長：01時39分 發行公司：CatchPlay（威望國際） IMDb分數：5. 9 導演： 巴巴克納加菲(Babak Najafi) 演員： 期待度 電影已上映，不開放投票 (共245人投票) 滿意度 請給這部電影評分: 尚未開放網友評分 導演/主要演員 共3人 劇情介紹 ★《全面攻佔：倒數救援》全台票房破億續集 ★地表最強特勤傑哈巴特勒、超猛總統亞倫艾克哈特再度回歸 在英國首相不幸遇害身亡後，世界上重要的領袖們一同來到了倫敦參加喪禮；殊不知，這給了恐怖份子最好的機會，將世界核心領袖一次毀滅，身為最強特勤的傑哈巴特勒，將再次挺身而出拯救危在旦夕的倫敦… 詳全文
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Runtime=103Minutes / release Date=2019 / Mardaani 2 is a movie starring Rani Mukerji, Vishal Jethwa, and Shruti Bapna. Shivani Shivaji Roy is back and this time she's on the trail of a 21 year old merciless villain who targets women / tomatometer=8,4 of 10 / Directed by=Gopi Puthran / Drama. This problem should be solved as fast. this is all about a women fighting for a women. Mardaani 2 free full text. The song is definitely going to be a blockbuster. Mardaani 2 free full version. 2:08 background picture shridevi mam. Miss u mam. You doing ur work very well yrr. This is remake of Arjun Sarja's Game Movie. Movie is good. Rishi kapoor is the master mind in this movie. 🙊.

Mardaani 2 Free full article. Mardaani 2 Free full article on maxi. Learn more More Like This Action | Crime Drama 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 7. 3 / 10 X A story of Shivani Shivaji Roy, Crime Branch, who sets out to confront the mastermind behind a child trafficking mafia. Director: Pradeep Sarkar Stars: Rani Mukerji, Tahir Raj Bhasin, Priyanka Sharma Comedy 7. 6 / 10 Two couples with the same surnames pursue in-vitro fertilization and wait for their upcoming babies. Trouble ensues when they find that the sperms of each couple have been mixed with each other. Raj Mehta Akshay Kumar, Kareena Kapoor, Diljit Dosanjh Romance 6 / 10 Chintu Tyagi is an ordinary, middle class man who finds himself torn between his wife and another woman. Mudassar Aziz Kartik Aaryan, Bhumi Pednekar, Ananya Panday Biography 8. 4 / 10 Tanhaji Malusare, a military chieftain in the army of the Maratha king Shivaji, leads the charge to capture the strategically important Kondhana fort guarded by the army of the fierce Rajput chieftain Udaybhan Rathod. Om Raut Ajay Devgn, Saif Ali Khan, Kajol Certificate: PG Mystery Thriller 6. 4 / 10 When the body of a powerful businesswoman disappears from the morgue, the inspector in charge hunts for the truth. But when he questions her husband he realizes that there is much more to the case than meets the eye. Jeethu Joseph Emraan Hashmi, Rishi Kapoor, Sobhita Dhulipala 8. 2 / 10 A celebrated Bollywood director Rohan Khurana stands accused by a female member of his crew, Anjali Dangle of having raped her at his residence. Ajay Bahl Akshaye Khanna, Richa Chadha, Meera Chopra 6. 5 / 10 An Indian soldier chases after his mentor who has gone rogue after an unexpected kill. Siddharth Anand Hrithik Roshan, Tiger Shroff, Vaani Kapoor 7. 5 / 10 It tells the story of a man who is balding prematurely and how he copes up with the situation. Amar Kaushik Ayushmann Khurrana, Yami Gautam Panga is inspired from the life of a national level Kabbadi player from India. It follows her triumphs, struggle and overcoming of stereotypes. It shows how important the love and support of your family is for you to be successful. Ashwiny Iyer Tiwari Kangana Ranaut, Jassie Gill, Richa Chadha 7. 2 / 10 Rom-com Movie, directed by Raaj Shaandilyaa, stars Ayushmann Khurrana who plays a 'dream girl'. In every love story, there is always one trying to win the heart of the other, who could be the 'dream girl'. Raaj Shaandilyaa Nushrat Bharucha, Annu Kapoor 3. 7 / 10 Chulbul Pandey encounters an enemy from his past, and his origin story as the fearless cop unfolds. Prabhu Deva Salman Khan, Sudeep, Sonakshi Sinha Karan goes to London to stop a terrorist attack on India. Aditya Datt Vidyut Jammwal, Adah Sharma, Gulshan Devaiah Edit Storyline Shivani Shivaji Roy is appointed as the new ACP of city soon strikes with a brutal rape and murder of a young ivani in a press conference states that she will bring the killer to her knees by pulling his hurts the ego of the killer whose none other then Sunny who has a thinking that women should not empower starts to keep a watch on every move of Shivani and also manages to kill the eye the incident Shivani gets the transfer orders but before the new ACP takes the charges within next two days Shivani with her team work day and night to capture Sunny. Written by Plot Summary Add Synopsis Details Release Date: 13 December 2019 (USA) See more  » Box Office Budget: $2, 800, 000 (estimated) Cumulative Worldwide Gross: $8, 674, 674 See more on IMDbPro  » Company Credits Technical Specs See full technical specs  » Did You Know? Trivia During film credits its shown Shivangi Roy (Rani Mukherjee) solving the human trafficking case of Karan Rastogi ( Tahir Raj Bhasin), referring to the prequel of the film Mradaani 2014. See more » Connections Follows Mardaani  (2014) See more » Check out the Indian movies with the highest ratings from IMDb users, as well as the movies that are trending in real time.

Mardaani 2 it is a highly suspense triller drama film of 2019
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Mardaani 2 free full movie hd. Mardaani 2 free full songs. Enter the characters you see below Sorry, we just need to make sure you're not a robot. For best results, please make sure your browser is accepting cookies. Type the characters you see in this image: Try different image Conditions of Use Privacy Policy © 1996-2014,, Inc. or its affiliates. Excellent wark.

 

Mardaani 2 free full video. Mardaani 2 free full text. Download Mardaani 2 (2019) Hindi 480p 720p pDVDRip x264 is a Hindi Movie Collected From Hindi Movies And Available 480p Quality in 265 … in 2020 | Movies online, Movies, Hd movies download. Mardaani 2 Full Hindi Movie 2019 Part 1 - video dailymotion. Mardaani 2 free falling. Mardaani 2 free full episode. Mardaani 2 Theatrical release poster Directed by Gopi Puthran Produced by Aditya Chopra Written by Gopi Puthran Starring Rani Mukerji Music by Score: John Stewart Eduri Cinematography Jishnu Bhattacharjee Edited by Monisha Baldawa Production company Yash Raj Films Distributed by Yash Raj Films Release date 13 December 2019 [1] Running time 103 minutes [2] Country India Language Hindi Budget ₹ 23 crore [3] Box office est. ₹ 67. 05 crore [4] Mardaani 2 is a 2019 Indian Hindi -language action thriller film [5] directed by Gopi Puthran and produced by Aditya Chopra under Yash Raj Films. [6] It is a sequel to the 2014 film Mardaani and features Rani Mukerji reprising her role of SP Shivani Shivaji Roy. [7] Inspired by true rape and murder incidents, the story follows Shivani who goes up against a 21-year-old rapist. Yash Raj Films announced Mardaani 2 in December 2018, [8] and principal photography of the film began on 27 March 2019. [9] The film was theatrically released in India on 13 December 2019. [10] Cast [ edit] Rani Mukerji as SP Shivani Shivaji Roy Vishal Jethwa as Shiv "Sunny" Prasad Yadav Shruti Bapna as Bharti Rajesh Sharma as Amit Sharma Tejasvi Singh Ahlawat as Latika Pratyksh Rajbhatt as Monty Prasanna Ketkar as Politician Panditji Anurag Sharma as Journalist Kamal Parihar Sunny Hinduja as Viplaw Beniwal Sumit Nijhawan as Brij Shekhawat Richa Meena as Sunanda Vikram Singh Chauhan as Anup Deepika Amin Avneet Kaur as Meera Pariva Praniti as Aabha Parihar Aanchal Srivastava as Tina Suresh Anand as Rawat Vishal Nath as Pravin Vishal Sudarshanwar as Vinay Jaiswal Jisshu Sengupta as Dr. Bikram Roy Girish Sharma Production [ edit] On 10 December 2018 Yash Raj Films announced on their official Twitter account the making of sequel to their hit film Mardaani to be directed and scripted by Gopi Puthran. Rani Mukerji is to reprise her role of Shivani Shivaji Roy of the last film. [8] Vikram Singh Chauhan [11] and Shruti Bapna [12] later on added to the cast. Filming The principal photography began on 27 March 2019. The official Twitter page of Yash Raj Films posted the announcement of beginning of shooting and shared a picture from the sets of the film. [9] [10] Rani Mukerji is set to go on the second schedule of filming in the first week of May to hunt for culprit in Kota and Jaipur in Rajasthan. [13] Mukerji shooting in Rajasthan was battling in 42 °C temperature as she is filming fighting scenes while hunting for villain. [14] [15] Rajasthan schedule of the film was wrapped up on 29 May. [16] Marketing and release [ edit] First look of lead actress Rani Mukerji was revealed on 30 April 2019. She appeared in the uniform of a police officer. [17] A thirty eight seconds official teaser was released by Yash Raj Films on 30 September 2019, to announce the release date of the film. [18] The teaser was attached with the big-budget action thriller War, another YRF production that released on 2 October 2019. [19] [20] On 14 November official trailer of the film was launched by Yash Raj Films. [21] [22] [23] [24] The film was released on 13 December 2019. [25] [1] Box office [ edit] Mardaani 2 was released worldwide on 2105 screens, consisting of 1600 in India and 505 overseas. The film's opening day domestic collection was ₹ 3. 80 crore. On the second day, the film collected ₹6. 55 crore. On the third day, the film collected ₹7. 80 crore, taking the total opening weekend collection to ₹18. 15 crore. [4] As of 16 January 2020, with gross of ₹ 56. 56 crore in India and ₹ 10. 49 crore overseas, the film has a worldwide gross collection of ₹ 67. 05 crore. [4] References [ edit] ^ a b "Confirmed: Rani Mukerji starrer 'Mardaani 2' to release on this date". The Deccan Chronicle. 10 August 2019. Retrieved 10 August 2019. ^ "Mardaani 2 (2019)". British Board of Film Classification. Retrieved 12 December 2019. ^ "Rani Mukherji starrer Mardaani 2 makes approx. 25 cr. in profit for Yash Raj Films". Bollywood Hungama. Retrieved 6 January 2020. ^ a b c "Mardaani 2 Box Office". Retrieved 17 January 2020. ^ "Mardaani 2 (2019)". AllMovie. ^ Khandelwal, Khush (24 March 2019). "Mardaani 2, the sequel to Rani Mukerji's Mardaani, goes on floors today - see photo". Times Now News. Retrieved 27 March 2019. ^ "Rani Mukerji's next is 'Mardaani 2 ' ". The Hindu. 10 December 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2019. ^ a b Goyal, Divya (10 December 2018). "Mardaani 2 Is Rani Mukerji's Next Film After Hichki". NDTV. Retrieved 27 March 2019. ^ a b " ' Mardaani 2': Rani Mukerji's film finally goes on floors". Daily News and Analysis. 25 March 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2019. ^ a b "Mardaani 2 first look: Rani Mukerji returns as Bollywood's most intense cop. See pic". Hindustan Times. 27 March 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2019. ^ "Vikram Singh Chauhan joins the cast of Rani Mukerji's 'Mardaani 2'! ". ABP Live. 3 April 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019. ^ " ' Yeh Hai Mohabbatein' fame Shruti Bapna bags role in Rani Mukerji's 'Mardaani 2 ' ". 29 March 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019. ^ "Mardaani 2: Rani Mukerji set for an action-packed schedule in Rajasthan". 24 April 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2019. ^ "राजस्थान की भयानक गर्मी में मर्दानी-2 की शूटिंग कर रहीं रानी मुखर्जी, 42 डिग्री तापमान में कर रहीं एक्शन सीन्स". Times Now News 18 (in Hindi). 15 May 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2019. ^ Singh, Raghuvendra (15 May 2019). "Interesting updates from the sets of Rani Mukerji's Mardaani 2". Filmfare. Retrieved 15 May 2019. ^ "Mardaani 2: Rani Mukerji bonds with crew as she wraps up Rajasthan schedule, see picture". India TV News. 29 May 2019. Retrieved 30 May 2019. ^ "Mardaani 2 First Look Reveals Rani Mukerji's Impressive Cop Avatar, See Here". News18. 30 April 2019. Retrieved 7 May 2019. ^ "Mardaani 2 - Rani Mukerji - Date Announcement Teaser - Releasing 13 Dec 2019". YouTube. Rajshri Marathi. 29 September 2019. ^ "Rani Mukerji's Mardaani 2 teaser to be attached with Hrithik Roshan-Tiger Shroff's War". India Today. 27 September 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2019. ^ "Mardaani 2: Teaser of Rani Mukerji's 2014 cop thriller sequel to be attached with YRF's upcoming action film War- Entertainment News, Firstpost". Firstpost. 27 September 2019. ^ "Mardaani 2 - Official Trailer - Rani Mukerji - Releasing 13 December 2019". 14 November 2019. Retrieved 14 November 2019 – via YouTube. ^ "Mardaani 2 trailer: Rani Mukerji drops the F-bomb, hunts a serial rapist". Retrieved 15 November 2019. ^ " ' Mardaani 2' trailer: The gripping Rani Mukerji starrer will keep you at the edge of your seats". The Times of India. Retrieved 15 November 2019. ^ "Mardaani 2 Trailer: Rani Mukherjee is Back as Fierce Policewoman Out to Nab a Serial Rapist L". Retrieved 15 November 2019. ^ Yash Raj Films [@yrf] (10 August 2019). "#Mardaani2 starring #RaniMukerji as Shivani Shivaji Roy releasing in theatres near you on 13th December 2019. #Mardaani2OnDecember13" (Tweet) – via Twitter. External links [ edit] Mardaani 2 on IMDb Mardaani 2 on Bollywood Hungama Official website by Yash Raj Films.

Just saw Mardaani 2. I am shaken and can't believe the horrors some girls have gone through in our society. It is one of the best movies of this year. Hats off to Rani Mukerji. She has given her heart and soul to the character of Shivani Shivaji Roy. The young actor who plays the villain is PHENOMENAL. Other actors also add life to their respective roles. The story keeps you on the edge of the seat throughout the film. Such films should be seen on big screen so that Indian producers come out with more such hard-hitting and thought-provoking films. STRONGLY RECOMMENDED.

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Rani said it while shooting. She said everyone gonna praise and talk about Vishal the most. And she is right. Mardaani 2 Free full. Repist ki ek Hi saza tadpa tadpa kar maut. YouTube. Hello Anupama, here's something for you. I do not really know why but even before I watched this movie, I somehow, already knew what your review was going to be! Aren't you too predictable these days? Point is that, you focus too much on finding cinematic faults and in doing so you miss out the human part! This movie is not flawless, may be the brutalities are shown for a prolonged period of time. Yet at the end of the movie, when the injured lady beats the evil man badly, it feels like we have won. We don't get to see such wins in real life, and sometimes we crave for it so badly that despite all the flaws you are picking out, this movie seems real and good. When an actor like Rani Mujherjee is present on screen, you can hardly get your eyes of her. I and all my other girl friends have waited for this sequel for 5 long years and we loved this movie. And I know at heart, or we know at heart that if the next part comes we're gonna love that too. Because we are humans who wants to see justice in both real life and on screen.

Who is watching this in december 2019. Vishal is so honest and true ❤️. Trailer Watch movie 71885 views Watch Movierulz Mardaani 2 Hindi Full Movie Online Watch Free Onlinemoviewatchs Rani Mukerji once again steals the show with her measured and restrained act. She doesn’t go over the top with theatrics but captures the nuances required to play a gritty top cop dealing with heinous crimes rape victims and a violent murderer. She does a fine balancing act between being powerful and vulnerable at the same time. Genres: Action, Crime, Drama, Hindi, Hindi Movies Casting: Jisshu Sengupta, Rajesh Sharma, Rani Mukerji, Shruti Bapna, Vikram Singh Chauhan Director: Gopi Puthran Country: India Video Length: 103 min Quality: HD Released: 2019 IMDb Rating: 6. 9 Mardaani 2 123Movies Mardaani 2 Gomovies Mardaani 2 Movie Download Mardaani 2 Movierulz Mardaani 2 Onlinemoviewatchs Mardaani 2 Watch Online.

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Mardaani 2

4.3 (87%) 76 votes

Mardaani 2